Cynopterus

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iCynopterus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Suborder: Megachiroptera
Family: Pteropodidae
Genus: Cynopterus
Species

See text.

Cynopterus is a genus of megabats.

According to the classification of megachiroptera by Andersen[1], the Cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera, five of which occur in Malaysia, namely, Chironx, Balionycteris, Penthetor, Dyacopterus and Cynopterus. Andersen (1912) also proposed 30 names for Cynopterus species but only 16 are taxonomically valid forms[2].

Contents

[edit] Cynopterus species

The description of species in the genus Cynopterus will be limited to the five species that are generally recognised and accepted[3]. Thus the genus Cynopterus is represented in the Indo-Malayan region by C. brachyotis, C. horsfieldi, C. sphinx, C. titthaecheilus, and C. nusatenggara[3].

[edit] Cynopterus brachyotis

The Cynopterus brachyotis [1] type specimen was collected from the Dewei River in Borneo by Müller on 12 September 1836[3], Naga Cave near Jammut on the Teweh River, Borneo (as communicated by Dr C. Smeenk to this author in 2005). Vernacularly known as the short-nosed fruit bat, it is a small bat (weight 21-32 g, 0.7-1 oz) that occurs in most habitats (but most frequently in disturbed forest) including lower montane forest, dipterocarp forest, gardens, mangrove and strand vegetation[4]. It prefers to roost in small groups in trees, under leaves, and in caves. C. brachyotis is widely distributed in Sri Lanka, southwest India, northeast India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, southern China, southern Burma, Indochina, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, the Philippines and also on the Lesser Sunda Islands; from sea level up to 1600 m in Borneo[5][6][7][8][9]

There are nine subspecies of C. brachyotis[10]. The nominate subspecies C. b. brachyotis is distributed in Borneo, Lombok, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines and Sulawesi. It is found widespread from sea level to 1,600 meters in altitude[10]. Forearm length is 55-65 mm (2.1-2.6 in), tail length is 8-10 mm (0.3-0.4 in), and ear length is 14-16 mm (0.5-0.6 in) (Payne et al. 1985). C.b. altitudinis is confined to the highlands of Peninsular Malaysia, from the Cameron Highlands to Gunung Bunga Buah[10]. C.b. brachysoma is found on the Andaman Islands; C.b. cylonensis in Sri Lanka; C.b. concolor in Enggano; C.b. hoffetti in Vietnam; C.b. insularum on the Kangean Islands; C.b. javanicus on Java; and C.b. minutus on Nias[10].

Large-size C. brachyotis
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Large-size C. brachyotis

Corbet and Hill[8] listed 19 synonyms of C. brachyotis, which include: Pachysoma brachyotis, P. duvaucelii, P. brevicaudatum, P. luzoniense, C. grandidieri, C. marginatus var. scherzeri, C. marginatus var. ceylonensis, C. marginatus var. philippensis, C. marginatus var. cuminggii, C. marginatus var. andamanensis, C. brachyoma, C. montanoi, C. minutus, C. minor, C. babi, C. archipelagus and C. nusatenggara. Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi[2] considered luzoniensis and minutus as separate species while Hill and Thonglongya[11] transferred angulatus to C. sphinx.

Habitat of large-sized C. brachyotis
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Habitat of large-sized C. brachyotis

Hill and Thonglongya[11] observed that the treatments of C. brachyotis and C. sphinx by Andersen[1] were contradictory. Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi[2] considered C. minutus a species and not a subspecies of C. brachyotis while C. luzoniensis is a species and not a synonym of C. b. brachyotis. Due to these controversies and difficulties surrounding these species, Corbet and Hill[8] suggested that further detailed studies are needed on the taxonomy of these species.

[edit] Cynopterus sphinx

Cynopterus sphinx or the greater short-nosed fruit bat, usually roosts in trees and feeds on nectar and fruit. Its range includes Sri Lanka, India, China, south-east Asia, Sumatra and central Kalimantan[4]. Synonyms include angulatus, babi, gangeticus, pagensis, scherzeri and serasi[3].

[edit] Cynopterus horsfieldi

Cynopterus horsfieldi, or Horsfield's fruit bat, roosts in rock shelters and caves and feeds on fruit. It ranges from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Gunong Kinabalu and Gunong Gomantong[4].

Habitat at Gomantong
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Habitat at Gomantong

Synonyms include: C. harpax, C. lyoni, C. minor, C. persimilis and C. princeps[3].

Habitat at Kinabalu
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Habitat at Kinabalu

[edit] Cynopterus titthaecheilus

Cynopterus titthaecheilus is distributed in all habitats, particularly disturbed situations, in Lombok Island, Sumatra, Java, Krakatau, Timor and Sebesi Island (Kitchener et al. 1990).

Synonyms include: C. major and C. terminus[3].

[edit] Cynopterus nusatenggara

Cynopterus nusatenggara is common in both natural and disturbed situations in Lombok, Sumbawa, Mayo Flores, Sumba and Komodo islands[2][3].

[edit] MtDNA Analysis of Cynopterus species

Recently, it was discovered that the phylogeny on Cynopterus species is discordant[12][13][14] with the classical hypothesis by Andersen[1] or the present knowledge on fruit bat classification by Corbet and Hill[8], Wilson and Reeder[3] and Schmitt et al[15]. MtDNA sequence divergence is very high at about 9%-12% among two major lineages of C. brachyotis and the two putative taxa within C. brachyotis populations were not sister taxa. There was correspondence between the genetic lineages with the ecological habitat and morphological characteristics of the short-nosed fruit bats. C. brachyotis I (Cb I) is morphologically larger and inhabits open habitats and C. brachyotis II (Cb II) is smaller and occurs in closed forest. The two lineages co-exist in forest edge habitats. The deep branch of Cb I suggests an older lineage compared to Cb II, which may probably have evolved later. Cb II, which is a derived form, is however more closely related to its congenerics C. horsfieldi and C. sphinx, which also occur in closed forests across the Sunda Shelf region.

[edit] List of Bats of Borneo

Bats of Sarawak

Fruit Bat Species  : Distribution in Sarawak

Rousettus amplexicaudatus: Baram, Niah

Rousettus spinalatus: Niah, Bintulu, Lambir NP, Simulajau NP

Pteropus vampyrus: coastal, interior

Pteropus hypomelanus: off coast island

Cynopterus brachyotis: lowland to 1600m

Cynopterus sphinx: not recorded in Sarawak

Cynopterus horsfieldi: Gading NP, Lundu, Kubah NP

Penthetor lucasi: Wind Cave, Kubah NP, Gading NP, Samunsam WS, Tg Datu NPBalui, Mulu NP, Bako NP

Megaerops ecaudatus: Kelabit, Penrisen Height

Megaerops wetmorei: not recorded in Sarawak

Dycopterus spadiceus: Pueh foot, Kubah NP, Baram, Niah, Sibu

Chironax melanocephalus: recently recorded in Kubah NP, Samunsam, Lambir NP, Loagan Bunut NP

Balionycteris maculata: Kuching, Kubah NP, Gading, Padawan, Mulu, Niah, Dulit, Bario, Lambir.

Spotted-winged fruit bat
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Spotted-winged fruit bat

Aethalops alecto: Mulu NP, Kelabit, Murud, Penrisen Height Eonycteris spelaea: Kubah NP, Gading, Kuching, Niah, Tinjar

Eonycteris major: Kuching, Dulit, Penrisen Height

Macroglossus minimus: Bako NP, Kelabit, Niah NP


Bats of Sabah

Fruit Bat Species  : Distribution in Sabah

Rousettus amplexicaudatus: Balembangan, Sukau, Madai, Tawau

Rousettus spinalatus: Sukau, Kuamut

Pteropus vampyrus: coastal

Pteropus hypomelanus: off coast island

Cynopterus brachyotis : lowland to 1600m

Cynopterus sphinx: no record

Cynopterus horsfieldi: Kinabalu, Gomantong

Penthetor lucasi: Gomantong, Kuamut, Sapulut

Megaerops ecaudatus: Danum, Tawau, Tenom

Megaerops wetmorei: no record

Dycopterus spadiceus: Sepilok, Baturong Cave

Chironax melanocephalus: Sepilok

Balionycteris maculata: Poring, Kota Kinabalu, Madai, Tawau, Poring

Aethalops alecto: Kinabalu, Crocker

Eonycteris spelaea: Gomantong, Sukau, Segama, Madai

Eonycteris major: Kota Kinabalu, Ranau

Macroglossus minimus: Kota Kinabalu, Witti Range, Sepilok, Sukau, Tawau, Poring


Bats of Brunei

Fruit Bat Species  : Distribution in Brunei

Rousettus amplexicaudatus: unknown localities

Rousettus spinalatus: not recorded

Pteropus vampyrus: lowland areas

Pteropus hypomelanus: no record

Cynopterus brachyotis : lowland to 1600m

Cynopterus sphinx: no record

Cynopterus horsfieldi: no record

Penthetor lucasi: lowland

Megaerops ecaudatus: unknown localities

Megaerops wetmorei: Andulau, Benutan dam-site, Sungai Beruang, Tasek Merimbun and Ulu Temburung.

Dycopterus spadiceus: unknown localities

Chironax melanocephalus: Ulu Temburong

Balionycteris maculata: unknown localities

Aethalops alecto: upland areas

Eonycteris spelaea: unknown localities

Eonycteris major: no record

Macroglossus minimus: most areas


Bats of Kalimantan


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Andersen K. 1912. Catalogue of the chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition, British Museum of Natural History.
  2. ^ a b c d Kitchener DJ, Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. Description of a new species of Cynopterus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Research Western Australian Museum 15(2):307-363.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographical reference. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
  4. ^ a b c Payne J, Francis CM, Phillipps K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society and World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu.
  5. ^ Lekagul B, McNeely JA. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.
  6. ^ Medway L. 1978. The wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
  7. ^ Bergmans W, Rozendaal FG. 1988. Notes on collections of fruit bats from Sulawasi and some off-lying islands (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen 248:1-74.
  8. ^ a b c d Corbet GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ Peterson AT, Heaney LR. 1993. Genetic differentiation in Philippines bats of the genera Cynopterus and Haplonycteris. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 49:203-218.
  10. ^ a b c d Mickleburg SP, Hutson AM, Racey PA. 1992. Old world fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/FFPS/ZSL/WWF/JWPT/NWF/Sultanate of Oman.
  11. ^ a b Hill JE, Thonglongya K. 1972. Bats from Thailand and Cambodia. Bulletin British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 22:171-196.
  12. ^ Abdullah MT, Moritz C, Grigg GC., Hall LS. 2000. Evidence of cryptic species within Cynopterus brachyotis by using mtDNA sequence. In Yaacob Z, Moo-Tan S, Yorath S (eds) In situ and ex situ Biodiversity Conservation. Yayasan Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
  13. ^ Abdullah MT. 2003. Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD Thesis (Zoology). Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
  14. ^ Campbell, P., C. J. Schneider, et al. 2004. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Old World fruit bats in the Cynopterus brachyotis complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  15. ^ Schmitt LH, Kitchener DJ, How RA. 1995. A genetic perspective of mammalian variation and evolution in the Indonesian archipelago: biogeographic correlates in the fruit bat genus Cynopterus. Evolution 49(3):399-412.

[edit] Bibliography

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Storz, J. F., H. R. Bhat, and T. H. Kunz. 2001. Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, I. Inbreeding, outbreeding, and population subdivision. Evolution, 55: 1215-1223.

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