Coyote
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation).
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| Canis latrans Say, 1823 |
The coyote (Canis latrans, meaning "barking dog") also prairie wolf [2]) is a member of the Canidae (dog) family and a relative of the domestic dog. Coyotes are native to North America and are only found from Canada south to Costa Rica. European explorers first encountered these canines during their travels in the American Southwest. They may occasionally assemble in small packs, but naturally hunt alone. Coyotes live an average of about 6 to 10 years. The word "coyote" was borrowed from Mexican Spanish, which itself borrowed the term from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl (IPA /ˈkɔ.jɔtɬ/) which may have meant "singing dog".
The Coyote looks alot lot like the endangered "Red Wolf" in profile. They have simaler size, color and head shape, although coyotes live in the northwest United States Unlike Red Wolves.
Despite being extensively hunted, the coyote is one of the few medium-to-large-sized animals that has enlarged its territory since human encroachment began (another is the raccoon). Coyotes have moved into most of the areas of North America formerly occupied by wolves, and the "dog" observed foraging in a suburban trashcan may in fact be a coyote.
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[edit] Anatomy
The coyote stands less than 0.6 meters (2 feet) tall and varies in color from white-gray to tan with sometimes a reddish tint to its coat. A coyote's ears and nose appear long and pointed, especially in relation to the size of its head. It weighs between 9 and 22 kilograms (20 - 50 lb), averaging 14 kg (31 lb). The coyote can be identified by its thick bushy tail, which it often holds low to the ground. It can be distinguished from its much larger relative, the Gray Wolf, by its overall slight appearance compared to the massive size and stockiness of the bigger canid, which typically weighs 34 to 57 kg (74 to 125 lb). The coyote is an extremely lean animal and may appear underfed even if healthy.
The northeast coyote and the Cape Cod coyote are thought to be a 50% mix with the Red Wolf. Coyotes can also hybridize and produce fertile offspring with Gray Wolves and domestic dogs. However, practical constraints such as the timing of estrus cycles and the need for both parents to care for the pups limit such crosses in the wild. Hybrids between coyotes and domestic dogs are known as "Coydogs"
[edit] Behavior
Coyotes are essentially nocturnal, but they will occasionally hunt during the day unless threatened by predators or humans.
They are highly adaptable and live in a variety of different niches. Their behavior can vary widely depending on where they live, but in general they live and hunt singly or in monogamous pairs in search of small mammals including rabbits, mice, shrews, voles, foxes, squirrels, grouse, and sometimes deer, sheep,fish and the also comonly eat deer excrement during winter months in northern climates. The coyote is an omnivore and adapts its diet to the available food sources including fruits, grasses, and vegetables along with small mammals. In Yellowstone National Park, before the reintroduction of the wolf, coyotes began to fill the wolf's ecological niche, and hunted in packs to bring down large prey.
Coyotes mate for life. They breed around the month of February and four to six pups are born in late April or early May. Both parents (and sometimes undispersed young from the previous year) help to feed the pups. At three weeks old the pups leave the den under close watch of their parents. Once the pups are eight to twelve weeks old they are taught to hunt. Families stay together through the summer but the young break apart to find their own territories by fall. They usually relocate within ten miles. The young are sexually mature at 1 year of age.
Hearing a coyote is much more common than seeing one. The calls a coyote makes are high-pitched and variously described as howls, yips, yelps and barks. These calls may be a long rising and falling note (a howl) or a series of short notes (yips). These calls are most often heard at dusk or night, less often during the day. Although these calls are made throughout the year, they are most common during the spring mating season and in the fall when the pups leave their families to establish new territories. Many people find these calls eerie or disturbing while others find them to be quite beautiful. Additionally, the coyote's howl can be very deceiving: due to the way the sound carries, it can seem as though it is in one place, when it is really elsewhere.
In rural areas, coyotes will respond to human calls. This is most often after the coyotes have started a howling session. They will also respond to recorded howls. In some of these areas, the coyotes will stop and wait for the humans to stop before resuming their howling session, once they've figured out that it isn't another coyote that has been calling to them. In areas where the coyotes have grown accustomed to humans calling back to them, they tend to continue with simpler calls back to the humans and return to more complex calls when the humans get tired of calling to them. Playing a recorded wolf howl will make them stop for up to an hour before they start in again, probably because wolves prey upon coyotes.
Coyotes also thrive in suburban settings and even some urban ones. A study by wildlife ecologists at Ohio State University yielded some surprising findings in this regard. Researchers studied coyote populations in Chicago over a six-year period, proposing that coyotes have adapted well to living in densely populated urban environments while avoiding contact with humans. They found, among other things, that urban coyotes tend to live longer than their rural counterparts, kill rodents and small pets, and live anywhere from parks to industrial areas. The researchers estimate that there are up to 2,000 coyotes living in Chicagoland and that this circumstance may well apply to many other urban landscapes in North America.[2] In Washington DC's Rock Creek Park, coyotes den and raise their young, and scavenge roadkill and rodents. "I don't see it as a bad thing for a park," the assigned National Park Service biologist told a reporter for Smithsonian Magazine (March 2006). "I see it as good for keeping animal populations in control, like the squirrels and the mice." As a testament to the coyote's habitat adaptability, a coyote (known as "Hal") was even captured in Manhattan's Central Park the same month, March 2006.
[edit] Character in mythology
Many myths from Native American peoples include a character whose name is translated into English as "Coyote". He can play the role of trickster or culture hero (or both), and also often appears in creation myths and just-so stories. Specifically, to the Navajo people, the coyote is known as god's dog.
[edit] Relationship with humans
In the 1800s, at least 29,485 coyotes were captured, and the governors later offered $591,596 to those who brought the farmers to court. The coyote is blamed for killing livestock and in 1991, 900,000 coyotes were killed.[citation needed] In 12 states the coyote is protected and it is hunted elsewhere.
[edit] Contemporary cultural references
The coyote is a popular figure in folklore and popular culture. Reference may invoke either the animal or the mythological figure. Traits commonly described in pop culture appearances include inventiveness, mischievousness, and evasiveness. These traits may be exaggerated in American cinema.
[edit] External links
- Coyotes in the Southern Rockies
- Indiana Coyote Rescue Center
- Coyote Video by Mooncusser Films.
- Coyote Wildlife Information from Desert USA
- Coyotes in the Mojave Desert food chain
- Stseptekwle – Stories of the Secwepemc including several coyote legends.
- Eastern Coyote Homepage
[edit] References
- ^ Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis latrans. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 05 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ [1]. Thriving under our noses, stealthily: coyotes URL accessed on January 9, 2006.
