Contempt of Congress
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In the federal law of the United States, contempt of Congress is the crime of obstructing the work of United States Congress, with a punishment of up to one year in prison and up to $1,000 in fines.
The United States Congress generally brings this action for refusing to testify before a Congressional committee, or failing to provide a committee with requested documents. There have also been contempt cases based on bribing a United States Senator or United States Representative.
In order for someone to be convicted of contempt of Congress, the congressional committee which has suffered the contempt first reports a resolution that the affected individual is guilty of contempt. This takes a majority vote of the committee. The full United States House of Representatives or United States Senate then must approve the resolution, which sends the matter to an assistant United States attorney or higher with the Department of Justice, who may call a grand jury to decide whether to indict the affected individual, and prosecute if the grand jury affirms an indictment. This version of the procedure was put into place in 1857 and exists in order to provide a balance of power so the House and Senate cannot run amok and jail all their political opponents with contempt charges, also to be within the restrictions laid out in the United States Constitution that Congress cannot pass a Bill of attainder, and declare someone criminally guilty without trial. The Congress is also restricted in that contempt citations can only be brought on matters that relate to legislative purposes within the jurisdiction of the committee that brings the charges.
From time to time, Congress lodges contempt of Congress charges against members of the United States government, usually members of the executive branch of the United States who claim that releasing their records to a committee would cause more harm than good, or sometimes that the records are protected by executive privilege and must remain secret. This can put the executive branch in an unusual ethical position, since the executive branch employs the United States Attorney, who decides whether to bring cases of contempt of Congress to the grand jury. In addition, it is often the United States Attorney who advises executive branch members in the first place whether to withhold controversial documents or provide them to the congressional committees.
For example, Henry Kissinger, James Watt, and Janet Reno have all been cited by Congress for contempt, though in all these cases the Congress and the executive branch subsequently reached an agreement on the delivery of documents before the matter reached a grand jury. In cases involving delivery of documents, Congress currently seems to view contempt of Congress as a tool to reach an agreement with the executive branch, rather than as a law to punish the contemptuous.
Various U.S. states have statewide contempt of Congress crimes on the books, in those cases for obstructing the work of the state legislature. Tennessee's Constitution is an example of this. Similarly, in some counties and cities, it is a violation of local ordinances to interfere in like manner with the proceedings of the county board of supervisors or the city council.
