Colonial mentality
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Colonial mentality refers to institutionalised or systemic feelings of inferiority within some societies or peoples who have been subjected to colonialism, relative to the mores or values of the foreign powers which had previously subjugated them. The concept essentially refers to the acceptance, by the colonised, of the culture or doctrines of the coloniser as intrinsically more worthy or superior. The subject matter is quite controversial[citation needed].
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[edit] Origins
Throughout human history nations and peoples have continuously colonised and been colonised. It is said that when a foreign colonial or imperial power is too strong to be effectively resisted, the colonised population often has no other immediate option than to accept the rule of the foreigners as an inescapable reality of life. As time progresses, the colonised natives would perceive the differences between the foreigners and themselves, between the foreigners' ways and the native ways. This would then sometimes lead the natives to mimic the foreigners in power as they began to associate that power and success with the foreigners' ways. This eventually leads to the foreigners' ways being regarded as the better way and being held in a higher esteem than previous indigenous ways.
In much the same fashion, and with the same reasoning of better-ness, the colonised soon equates the foreigners' racial strain itself as being responsible for their superiority. The native soon strives to that strain to give their children a better standing in life than just their native genes.
[edit] The Spanish Empire
The former subjects of the Spanish Empire in Hispanic America and the Philippines are the most commonly cited examples where the phenomenon of colonial mentality may be found. Spanish conquistadors, the first European settlers in the New World, divided the conquered lands among themselves and ruled as feudal lords, treating their Amerindian subjects as something between serfs and slaves. Some Spaniards, however, objected to this encomienda system, notably Bartolomé de Las Casas, who insisted that the indígenas (natives) were human beings with souls and rights. Serfs stayed to work the land and imported African slaves were exported to the mines, where large numbers of them died. Largely due to the efforts of Bartolomé de Las Casas, the New Laws were adopted in 1542 to protect the Amerindians, but the abuses were not entirely or permanently abolished.
The Spaniards were committed to converting their Amerindian subjects to Roman Catholicism, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end. However, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as Amerindian groups simply blended Catholicism with their traditional beliefs. On the other hand, the Spaniards did not impose their language to the degree they did their religion, and the Roman Catholic Church even evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl and Guarani, contributing to the expansion of these Amerindian languages and equipping them with writing systems. [1]
[edit] The Philippines
- See also IMSCF Syndrome and Filipino Americans.
In the Philippines colonial mentality is most evident in the widespread belief that favoritism exists for Filipino mestizos (primarily those of native Filipino and white ancestry, but also indigenous Filipino and Chinese, and other ethnic groups) in the entertainment industry and mass media, in which they have received extensive exposure despite constituting a small population in the country. [2]
Of the current demographics of the Philippines, the combined number of all types of mestizos constitute no more than 3% of the entire Filipino population. Of that 3%, half are of Spanish ancestral blood line, while nearly all the rest of the population, constituting 95% and numbering over 90 million, is composed of unmixed indigenous Filipinos. A recent study [3] by Stanford University indicates that 3.6% of the population have Spanish, Mexican or European ancestry.
[edit] Physical consequences
One of the more adverse physical consequences in the idealization and acceptance of the racial concepts of colonial mentality can be seen in the high rate of consumer demand for skin bleaching products used by some indigenous women in the Philippines.[4] Skin-whitening creams have for a long time been popular and widely used in much of the Philippines for the lightening of the skin tones in order to achieve the so-called "Mestizo look". The products are believed to be used primarily by women who have succumbed to the Filipino ideal and colonial doctrine of the idealization of mestizo beauty to the greatest extreme. The consumers of these products, whether conscious or subconsciously, are following the dangerous edict on beauty by continuing to use those products despite the extremely hazardous side effects to their health, including a high risk of various cancers due to many of its active ingredients, including mercury. These products have been banned in the USA, but their sale and demand in the Philippines continues to be widespread. [5]
[edit] Pedigree and forgery
Colonial mentality is also at the root of a long established indigenous/European Filipino tradition of ancestral ethnicity forgery used in the attempt to conform to the idealized "mestizo pedigree" dictated by the former colonial rulers Spanish-Filipino socio-racial hierarchy.
This ethnic ancestral forgery is characterized by the habit of some modern-day indigenous Filipino families of no European ancestry, and claiming mestizo ancestry. It is often accompanied by handed-down oral accounts of a presumed Spanish great-great-grandfather and grandmother with no evidence of Spanish blood in their genes, other than a Spanish surname. Most mestizo Filipinos have Spanish-names and surnames inherited from their Spanish ancestors, whereas most indigenous Filipinos with Spanish names and surnames acquired them as a result of the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos ["Alphabetic Catalogue of Surnames"] decreed to be imposed on the entire indigenous Filipino population by the Spanish royal courts in order to facilitate record-keeping and tax collecting.
This preoccupation among indigenous Filipinos with identifying as anything other than Filipino also takes on a new form known as IMSCF Syndrome practised by the majority of Filipino Americans living in North America and Hawai'i and some other western countries with expatriate Filipino communities.
[edit] Latin America
As in the Philippines, colonial mentality can also be seen in much the same form across Latin America. The demographic reality of Latin America is that half of its population is of part-white mixed race, either mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian) or mulatto (mixed white and black) or triracial (of mixed white, black and Amerindian), who together account for approximately 50% of the region's total population. A very large minority (perhaps 30%) of Latin Americans is of mainly European descent. Amerindians, Asians, Blacks, and zambos (mixed black and Amerindian) make up the remaining 20%. In the Latin American context, the "Ideal of Beauty" is not to be of mixed European and other ancestry - as most Latin Americans already are of that ancestry - but rather to be unmixed European.
In this instance, the Latin American entertainment industry is saturated with criollos (people of unmixed Spanish ancestry) or other Europeans, with few mestizos, fewer mulattos, and almost no unmixed blacks or Amerindians. In the Dominican Republic, a predominantly mulatto country, skin whitening products are also quite popular and readily available.
This European idealisation of beauty has also lead to a condition of ethnic forgery among many Latin Americans. However, in contrast to the Filipino experience where the majority is composed of unmixed native Filipinos of whom some attempt to claim mix-blooded status, in Latin America the norm is for some within the mix-blooded majority to concentrate on attempting to diminish, hide or deny any non-European admixture. These will then often falsely claim to be pure Spanish or other European in their attempts to conform to the idealized pedigree dictated by their Latin American socio-racial hierarchy. See also Passing - Race
A common joke in the United States, among both Hispanics and non-Hispanics alike, is the presence of more blonde and blue-eyed presenters on US-based Spanish language television networks such as Telemundo and Univisión than on the general public networks such as NBC or CBS. In Mexico the joke is made by suggesting the re-naming of media giant TV Azteca into "TV Blanca" (White TV), because in a country of over 100 million, where 60% is mestizo, 30% is Amerindian and 9% is unmixed European, almost every single presenter is an unmixed Spanish descendant or other European; there are few mestizos, and almost no natives after whom the network is supposedly named after, the Aztecs. [6]
[edit] English-speaking societies
[edit] The Indian Subcontinent
Some critics claim that Rudyard Kipling's portrayals of Indian characters generally supported the colonialist view that the Indians and other colonized people were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans, claiming that these portrayals are racist. Examples of this alleged racism are mentioning "lesser breeds without the Law" in "Recessional" and referring to colonised people in general as "half-devil and half-child" in the poem "The White Man's Burden".
[edit] Canada
In areas where the indigenous nations were decimated by epidemics and their cultures suffered generations of set-back the settler societies quickly outnumbered the colonized. In these cases, including much of North America, and Oceania, decolonization is now taking the form of indigenous decolonization in bringing back traditioonal cultural knowledge in the new society.
[edit] United States of America; Black America
Examples included the practice of the "Paper Bag Test", where African-Americans were allowed or denied entry in Black-only social institutions (bars, night clubs, cinemas, sororities, fraternities, etc.) based on how light the skin tone was when compared to a brown paper bag. Those African-Americans with skin tones the same or lighter than the paper bag were allowed entry. This practice of institutionalized colorism, favoring degrees of "whiteness", was exemplified more so by "The Blue Vein Society".
[edit] The "Blue Vein Society"
When U.S. slavery was at its zenith, a mulatto society known as "The Blue Vein Society" came into being.
The original "Blue Veins" were organized in New England. Their primary objective was to establish and maintain "correct" social standards amongst a people whose social condition, by virtue of their white bloodlines, was almost unlimited.
An outsider suggested that one must show "Blue Veins" to be eligible for membership. This suggestion was readily adopted by those who were not of the favored few; and "The Blue Vein Society" has been known as such ever since.
[edit] Black is Beautiful
In the late 20th century, the "Black is Beautiful" movement sought to counteract the colonial mentality among African Americans by promoting dark skin and African features as ideals of high fashion.
[edit] The Arab world
Nada El-Yassir comments that "in certain areas in the Arab world, the lighter you are the more beautiful you are considered." She also says that it is common that women in the upper classes dye their hair blond. In some countries the implications of this hierarchy go so far as to affect one's social class and job opportunities.
There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with beauty ideals; all cultures have particular notions about what is aesthetically pleasing. Like other places, India and certain Arabic countries had their own culturally specific beauty ideals. However, these largely fell by the wayside after their encounters with colonial powers.
Iman Al-Jazairi says "Looking at Arabic poetry and novels, it is interesting to see that pre-Islamic poetry up until western colonization at the eighteenth century, women were always described as having long, wavy, black hair, brown skin, black eyes with the white of the eyes very white. The body proportions were also bigger. During the later part of the nineteenth century and until very recently, light skinned, blond women have usurped the beauty standard in modern Arabic literature. [7]
[edit] The former Soviet Union
In some of the successor states of the former USSR much of the local, ethnically non-Russian population sees Russian culture as superior to the local ones. This has been the case in Ukraine, for example, one of the more advanced successors, whose post-Soviet history has been marked by a preference for all things Russian and an overwhelming presence of the Russian language in politics, television, the internet and music, at least.
[edit] Quebec
The idea that a part of Quebecers hold a colonial mentality, due to the conquest of Quebec by the British and subsequent domination by English Canada is important in a segment of Quebecois intellectual thought, notably within the Quebec nationalist and independence movements. These thinkers portray the relationship of Canada and Quebec as a dominant-dominated relationship and often consider the Quiet Revolution an event of decolonization. Those who are in favour of independence hold that Quebec sovereignty is another necessary decolonizing step. The colonial mentality concept has also been used to criticize the relationship some Quebecois have with France, as Quebec was a colony of France in the era of New France.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.voltairenet.org/article120716.html
- ^ http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=11261
- ^ http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf genetic study
- ^ http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=11261
- ^ http://www3.niu.edu/ptaa/beauty_in_me.htm
- ^ http://www.gov.ph/forum/thread.asp?rootID=55962&catID=25
- ^ http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html
