Coinage Act of 1873
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The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation labeled this measure the "Crime of '73". For about five years, gold was the only metallic standard in the United States.
The act (H. R. 2934) also placed the United States Mint within the United States Department of the Treasury, and specified four United States mints at Philadelphia, San Francisco, Carson, and Denver, and two assay-offices at New York and Boise City, Idaho.
H. R. 2934 was a very lengthy bill written in 67 sections which filled 35 pages in the House Journal on May 27, 1872. When presented to President Grant, he promptly signed it into law on February 12, 1873.
[edit] Reactions
Western miners and others such as farmers called this act the "Crime of '73".
As countries go off the silver standard (or bimetallic standard) there becomes an increased supply of silver, this coupled with the fact that more silver is being found, the world silver-to-gold supply-demand ratio was rising (it would get to 40:1 by 1908). The U.S. Government was being hurt economically to help out the silver miners.
Those who didn’t switch to gold before the change was left with devalued money. The bankers in New York, and elsewhere, who knew that the policy change was coming, and switched.
The U.S. Government finally caved to the pressure from the western states (anything west of the Appalachian Mountains was a western state in 1878) an agreed to the Bland-Allison Act of (this would eventually be replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890). The Bland-Allison Act (Richard P. Bland (Democrat of Missouri) and William Allison (Republican of Iowa)) set the new free coinage ratio at 16 : 1, and allowed the U.S. Treasury to purchase between $2 and 4 million of silver per month.
