Coen Brothers
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 The Coen Brothers at Cannes Film Festival, 2001 |
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| Born: | November 29, 1954 (Joel) September 21, 1957 (Ethan) Minneapolis, Minnesota (Joel) Minneapolis, Minnesota (Ethan) |
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| Occupation: | Director, Screenwriter, Producer Film editor |
| Spouse: | Frances McDormand (Joel) Tricia Cooke (Ethan) |
Joel and Ethan Coen, commonly known as "The Coen Brothers" have written and directed numerous successful films, such as comedies O Brother, Where Art Thou?, Raising Arizona and The Big Lebowski, as well as darker film noir dramas such as Miller's Crossing and Blood Simple, and have also become notorious for blurring the line between drama and comedy with movies like Fargo, The Man Who Wasn't There, and Barton Fink. The brothers write, direct and produce their films jointly, although until recently Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing, while they alternate top billing for the screenplay. The brothers work so closely and share such a strong vision of what their films are to be that actors say that they can approach either brother with a question and get the same answer. The brothers are known in the film business as "the two-headed director". The pair are frequently credited on their own films as editor under the name "Roderick Jaynes".
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[edit] Biographies
Joel Coen was born November 29, 1954 and Ethan followed on September 21, 1957. The brothers grew up in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Their parents, Edward and Rena Coen, were both professors, their father specializing in economics at the University of Minnesota and their mother in art history at St. Cloud State University.
When they were kids, Joel saved up enough money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super-8 camera, and together they remade movies they saw on television with a neighborhood kid, Mark Zimering (a.k.a. Zeimers), as the star. For example, Cornel Wilde's The Naked Prey (1966) became Zeimers in Zambia, which also featured Ethan as a native with a spear.
Both of the Coen brothers attended Simon's Rock Early College (now Simon's Rock College of Bard) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Simon's Rock is designed for bright students seeking to start their undergraduate education earlier than is normal. After graduating from Simon's Rock, Joel spent four years in the undergraduate film program at New York University where he made a 30-minute thesis film called Soundings. The film depicted a woman engaged in sex with her deaf boyfriend while verbally fantasizing about having sex with her boyfriend's best friend, who is listening in the next room. After also graduating from Simon's Rock, Ethan went to school at Princeton University and earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1979. His senior thesis was a 41-page essay entitled, “Two Views of Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy.”
After graduating from NYU, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi, who was looking for an assistant editor on his first feature film, The Evil Dead (1981).
Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1994; they have an adopted baby named Pedro. Ethan is married to film editor Tricia Cooke.
[edit] Stylistic devices
Owing a heavy debt to film noir and other film styles of the past, the Coen brothers' films combine dry humor with sharp irony and shocking visuals, most often in moving camera shots. The Coens prefer not to put the opening credits at the very beginning of the film. The Coens are also amongst the few contemporary filmmakers who have also shown a great affection for the screwball comedies of the 30s and 40s, and have incorporated their influences with varying degrees of subtlety, ranging from entire movies in the screwball mode like The Hudsucker Proxy and Intolerable Cruelty to occasional fast-talking wacky characters like Steve Buscemi's cameo in Miller's Crossing.
[edit] Dialogue
In addition to cinematography, the Coen Bros.' movies show an especial devotion to dialogue. The consistent excellence of the dialogue is arguably the more remarkable due to the fact that the Coens' efforts can range from the almost mute (e.g., The Man Who Wasn't There; Fargo) to the unusually loquacious (The Big Lebowski, Raising Arizona), the most important element is dialogue. The films typically feature a combination of dry wit, exaggerated language, and glaring irony. The brothers frequently use dialogue to develop characters and advance the plot. Dialogue is so important that many of the action scenes are driven by characters' lines rather than physical actions. A good example of this is in The Big Lebowski when the Nihilists confront the group, demanding money. The majority of the scene is based around the witty dialogue of Walter Sobchak and his outrageous response to their demands ("No, without a hostage, there is no ransom. That's what ransom is. Those are the fucking rules."). The exaggerated language is sometimes erudite (as in Tom's "if I'd known we were going to cast our feelings into words, I'd have memorized the Song of Solomon"), but more often failed erudition, ("Jesus, Tom, I was just speculatin' about a hypothesis" (Miller's Crossing), and ("You know, it's proven that second-hand smoke is, uh, carcin- ... uh, you know, cancer agent" (Fargo), and the Dude's imitation of Maude's "in the parlance of our times," appending it with "You know?... Man?" (The Big Lebowski)).
[edit] Film noir and misunderstanding
In style and substance, Coen brothers movies show a heavy debt to the crime genre of film noir. While rarely admitting any influences, the filmmakers both freely acknowledge the debt that classic noir novelists have had on their darker films. In particular, Miller's Crossing is based on the works of Dashiell Hammett, in particular The Glass Key and Red Harvest, Big Lebowski on Raymond Chandler and The Man Who Wasn't There on James M. Cain - making up what is known as their Noir Trilogy.
The films also feature stark contrast in lighting and the typical theme of people being in over their heads working on a scheme. Their movies often deal with kidnapping. A near universal plot device is misunderstanding: misunderstanding over who killed Rug Daniels and who took his hair causes friction between different mobs in Miller's Crossing; misunderstanding of Norville's blueprint causes him some grief later in The Hudsucker Proxy; everyone except for the nihilists in The Big Lebowski misunderstands Bunny's kidnapping; and in Blood Simple, misunderstanding is the driving force behind the entire plot past the thirty-minute mark. The Coen brothers' film The Man Who Wasn't There pays homage to film noir, with a plot that seems an update/twist of The Postman Always Rings Twice. The film is in black and white and has been lauded by various critics for both its cinematography and its sharply drawn, fairly sympathetic characters, though many critics take issue with the sharp turn in plot towards the end. The Coens have described these twists as an attempt to mimic the unexpected third acts of Cain's novels as well.
[edit] Depictions of various cities, states, and regions of America
The various aspects that make the character of a city, state or region of America are an integral component in several Coen brothers films. Raising Arizona strongly features the distinct Arizona landscape, and some of the movie's characters are stereotypes of typical Arizonans. Similarly, in Fargo the landscape and accents of North Dakota and Minnesota are an essential component of the film. The Big Lebowski is the Coens' Los Angeles film, with the Dude and other characters emblematic of the city's eclectic population. O Brother, Where Art Thou? is distinctly Southern, as it was filmed in rural Mississippi, most of the characters speak with pronounced Southern accents, and the soundtrack is a mix of old country and folk songs. Barton Fink is in some respects a satire on another famous area of Los Angeles, Hollywood. The Hudsucker Proxy is New York, etc. There are several scenes in the movie that, in the Coen brothers' distinctly farcical way, paint the movie industry, and movie executives in particular, in a very unflattering light.
The Coens also often set their movies in times of American crises: Miller's Crossing during prohibition, Barton Fink in the time around the attack on Pearl Harbor, The Big Lebowski during the 1991 Gulf War, and O Brother Where Art Thou? during the Great Depression.
It is interesting to note that one of their most recent releases, Intolerable Cruelty, is set in the present day.
[edit] Violence
The majority of the Coens' films are quite violent. In every one of their films, there is at least one death and, in many cases, multiple deaths. In The Hudsucker Proxy, the plot is unleashed by the suicide of Waring Hudsucker, and in The Ladykillers all of the main characters die in an attempt to dispose of a body. In some of their more graphic films, e.g., Fargo, most of the main characters die or are assaulted, all of which is portrayed onscreen; in one particularly graphic scene in Fargo, Carl Showalter's body is processed through a wood chipper.
The majority of the violence in their films falls under the category of dark humor. One of the most comic scenes in The Big Lebowski is when Walter, The Dude and Donny fight the Nihilists. The Coens always use violence to drive the plot forward; for example, in Fargo Carl Showalters' assault by Shep Proudfoot drives Carl to call Jerry and tell him to deliver the money.
Overall, acts of violence are never wasted in a Coen brothers' film, and often these scenes are written into the script for comic effect or to advance the script.
[edit] Camera techniques
Visually, the Coens favor moving camera shots, especially tracking shots (the camera is placed on a track, or dolly, or the use of a Steadicam is employed. The camera then follows and moves with the subject of the shot) and crane shots; even when the camera is "static" it is often still drifting slightly. Their films are also distinguished by cinematic visual flourishes that mark turning points.
[edit] The "Raimi cam" rush
Occasionally in their tracking shots they "rush" the camera forward, as in the scene in Raising Arizona where Nathan Jr. is discovered missing; the Coen brothers dubbed the rush forward the "Raimi cam" in tribute to their longtime friend and director Sam Raimi, who used rushes extensively in Evil Dead (which Joel Coen helped edit). The Hudsucker Proxy features not one, but two, consecutive rushes when Norville shows Mussburger's secretary the Blue Letter: first on the mouth of the lady screaming on the ladder, and then on Norville reacting to the scream.
[edit] Lenses
The Coen brothers' earlier films (with the exception of Miller's Crossing) made extensive use of wide-angle lenses, which are the preferred lenses of their first cinematographer, Barry Sonnenfeld. When Sonnenfeld left to pursue a directing career he was replaced by Roger Deakins, who has been trying to wean the Coens off these lenses since although wide angle lenses allow great depth of field, they cause considerable distortion in the apparent size of objects based on how far they are from the camera. Deakins has been working towards longer lenses, which appear to shorten the distance between objects but have shallower depth of field.
[edit] Camera angles
The Coen brothers use camera angles that sometimes hide rather than reveal information. Examples include in Fargo when Jean Lundegaard hides in the shower, in Miller's Crossing when Tom goes into his room after Leo leaves (Verna is on the bed behind him), and in Blood Simple when Abby is sitting up in bed with Ray and the Volkswagen pulls up outside her window.
[edit] Disguised cuts
They also frequently "hide" their cuts in close-ups on an object, in the style of Alfred Hitchcock's Rope: one obvious occurrence in Fargo is when Carl bangs on the television to get it to work, and when the picture comes in it is a cut to Marge's television as seen from her bed; a similar cut in Miller's Crossing happens when the close up of the window at Vernie's house pans away to show a man dead on the floor at another; in The Hudsucker Proxy when Amy Archer is cheering "Go Eagles!" after Norville hires her, the film cuts to her showing the same cheer to her coworker at the newspaper; and in Blood Simple when the "close-up" of the ceiling fan over Marty's head at the bar turns out to be from Abby's point of view on the couch at Ray's house.
[edit] Other techniques
[edit] Storyboarding
The Coen brothers storyboard their films completely before filming (unlike most directors, who only storyboard complex shots such as action sequences). They state that it helps them to get the size of budget they want, because they can show how most of the money will be used.
[edit] Color correction
O Brother, Where Art Thou? was the first Coens film to be fully color-corrected from start to finish with digital techniques. The brothers wanted the scenery to reflect the "dust-bowl" atmosphere of the Depression and, since the actual landscape for many of the scenes was much lusher and greener than the desired effect, this required extensive color correction throughout the film, achieved with the use of graphic computers.
[edit] The Coen brothers' circle
The Coens used cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld through Miller's Crossing until Sonnenfeld left to pursue his own directing career, including such films as The Addams Family, Get Shorty, and Men in Black. Roger A. Deakins has been the Coen brothers' cinematographer since Sonnenfeld's departure (see List of noted film director and cinematographer collaborations).
Sam Raimi also helped write The Hudsucker Proxy, which the Coen brothers directed; and the Coen brothers helped write Crimewave, which Raimi directed. Raimi took tips about filming A Simple Plan from the Coen brothers, who had recently finished Fargo (both films are set in blindingly white snow, which reflects a lot of light and can make metering for a correct exposure tricky).
William Preston Robertson is an old friend of the Coens who helped them with re-shoots on Blood Simple and provided the voice of the radio evangelist. He is listed in the credits as the "Rev. William Preston Robertson." He has provided vocal talents on most of the Coens' films up to and including The Big Lebowski. He also wrote The Making of The Big Lebowski with Tricia Cooke.
The Coen brothers have a number of actors who they frequently cast, including John Turturro, Michael Badalucco, Steve Buscemi, Frances McDormand, John Goodman, Bruce Campbell, and Jon Polito, all of whom have appeared in at least three Coen productions. They are planning a third film with George Clooney following O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) and Intolerable Cruelty (2003), which will complete their Idiot Trilogy. Stephen Root has been cast in No Country for Old Men, making that his third Coen Brothers film.
All of their films have been scored by Carter Burwell, although T-Bone Burnett produced much of the traditional music in O Brother, Where Art Thou?. Skip Lievsay does all the post-production sound work for all of their films.
[edit] Filmography
- Blood Simple (1984)
- Raising Arizona (1987)
- Miller's Crossing (1990)
- Barton Fink (1991)
- The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)
- Fargo (1996)
- The Big Lebowski (1998)
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
- The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)
- Intolerable Cruelty (2003)
- The Ladykillers (2004)
In production:
- No Country for Old Men (2007)
- Hail Caesar (pre-production; release date TBA)
- Suburbicon (announced; release date TBA)
- Burn After Reading (announced; release date TBA) [1]
[edit] Other works
- Crimewave - 1985 film written by the Coen Brothers and Sam Raimi, directed by Sam Raimi
- Gates of Eden - a collection of short stories written by Ethan Coen
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- Joel Coen at the Internet Movie Database
- Ethan Coen at the Internet Movie Database
- Joel and Ethan Coen Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
- You Know, For Kids, You Know, For Kids! The movies of the Coen brothers
- Coenesque: The Films of the Coen Brothers
- It's a movie-making trend: Brothers share directing duties, by James Hebert (San Diego Union-Tribune)
- Senses of Cinema, essay on the brothers (with film stills)
- The Big Lebowski: The Making of a Coen Brothers movie, An informative humor book by the Coens' friend William Preston Robertson.
- "The 'Quirky' New Wave" Alternate Takes
