Codification (linguistics)

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Codification is the process of standardizing and developing a norm for a language. Codifying a language can vary from case to case and depends on the stage of standardization that already exists. It typically means to develop a writing system, set up official rules for grammar, orthography, pronunciation, syntax and vocabulary as well as publishing grammar books, dictionaries and similar guidelines. If there are several variants for a certain aspect, e.g. different ways of spelling a word, decisions on which variant is going to be the standard one have to be made. In some countries such codification is done by a body constituted by the state, such as the French Academy. Codification often happens due to new inventions, changes in values or other cultural influences. After the process of decolonialization, many African states had to decide whether they wanted to keep the colonial language or chose one (or more) of their indigenous language varieties as official language(s), which made language planning necessary. In a well-known model of language planning by Einar Haugen, codification is only the second step, step one is the selection process, step three is the elaboration of vocabulary (especially technical terms) and step four the implementation of the changes in society. In the process of language planning, there are two major levels: corpus planning and status planning (Heinz Kloss). Codification is part of the corpus planning of a language, because the "body" of the language itself is being planned as opposed to status planning, where the prestige and usage of a language is enhanced:

Corpus planning:

• Codification of a language (step 2)
• Elaboration of vocabulary (step 3)

Status planning:

• Selection of a language (step 1)
• Securing its acceptance (step 4)

(cf. Holmes 2001, 102) Whether the codification was successful depends heavily on its acceptance by the population as well as its form of implementation by the government, e.g. promoting its prestige and spread, teaching the norm in school and language courses, and so on.

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Literature:

• Arntz, Reiner (1998): Das vielsprachige Europa: eine Herausforderung für Sprachpolitik und Sprachplanung. Hildesheim: Hildesheimer Universitätsbibliothek.
• Coulmas, F. (1985): Sprache und Staat. Studien zur Sprachplanung und Sprachpolitik. New York: de Gruyter.
• Haugen, E. (1966): Language conflict and language planning. The case of Modern Norwegian. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.
• Holmes, J. (2001): An introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). London et al.: Longman, 95-120.
• Mesthrie, R. Et al. (2000): Introducing Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 384-418.

See also: official language, Code, encoding, language planning, standardization