Clatsop
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The Clatsop are a small tribe of Chinookan-speaking Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In the early 19th century they inhabited an area of the northwestern coast of present-day Oregon from the mouth of the Columbia River south to Tillamook Head.
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[edit] Language
Clatsop in the original language is La t cap, which means "placed of dried salmon" (Lā'k!ēlak, "dried salmon", F. Boas). Apparently it was originally the name of a single settlement.
The Clatsop dialect used by the tribe is a nearly-extinct dialect of the Lower Chinookan language, a language in the Oregon Penutian family. Most Clatsops spoke Chinook Jargon and some spoke a dialect of Nehalem, by the time Lewis and Clark made contact with them (J.R. Holton, Chinook Wawa, 2004).
The Chinook Jargon is a trade language, and is still used throughout much of the Pacific Northwest. Many place names in the area come from the Chinook Jargon (e.g., Neakahnie Mountain — "The Mountain", Ecola Creek and Park — "whale").
[edit] History
The tribe was encountered at the mouth of the Columbia in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The expedition named their last encampment Fort Clatsop after the tribe, whose nearest village was approximately 7 mi (12 km) away. The tribe later gave its name to Clatsop County, Oregon. According to the journals of William Clark, the Clatsop comprised about 200 people living in three separate villages of large cedar-plank houses. Clatsop members regularly visited the fort for trading purposes.
The tribe has never been organized hierarchically (under "chiefs") but individual families affiliated with one another in small villages and seasonal camps located near food sources. [1] and [2]
The Clatsop shared salmon, berries, and hunting tips with the Corps of Discovery. In contrast to the Corps' interactions with the Plains Indians the previous winter, their interaction with the Clatsop was more limited. The two groups did not mingle for social occasions and the fort was opened to trading only 24 days during the winter. Part of the reason may have been the existing relationship between the British and the coastal Chinook tribes, resulting in a demand by the Chinook for higher prices for their goods at a time when the Corps' supply of "Indian Gifts" had dwindled. Only two Clatsop, named Coboway and Cuscalar, appear regularly in the members' journals.
In an 1851 treaty, the Clatsop tribe ceded 90 percent of their land to the U.S. government. This treaty was one of many in the Northwest that were never ratified by Congress. Unlike other tribes, the members were not required to move to a reservation. In fact, they were the only tribe in Oregon that was not removed to a reservation (A. Dart, Rolls of Certain Tribes in Oregon and Washington, Ye Galleon Press).
The 200 members who have recently organized as the Clatsop-Nehalem Confederation have an average age of 65 and are scattered across Oregon and southwestern Washington. The last known speaker of the Tillamook language died in 1972. The Clatsop-Nehalem applied for membership in both the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians and Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde but were turned down. In January 2001, the Chinook tribe (of which the Clatsop were included) gained official recognition, but it was reversed by the Bush admninstration soon after taking office. The bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 2004 has provided renewed interest in the status of the Clatsop and Chinook.
The tribe has no formal recognition today and has struggled in recent years to retain its identity. Some of the remaining members now form an unofficial confederation with the Salishan-speaking Nehalem (Tillamook) tribe that once inhabited the area around Tillamook Bay. Other Clatsop descendants continue to maintain their culture and ceremonies as family and small community units, as in the past (Interview with Jeff Painter, 2001).
[edit] Museum Exhibits
The Tillamook County Pioneer Museum in Tillamook contains exhibits on the history of the Clatsop.
The Clatsop-Nehalem have secured 20 acres (8 hectares) of oceanfront property in Tillamook County where they hope to build a longhouse from cedar planks to serve as a headquarters and museum. Clatsop spiritual leaders continue to hold ceremonial gatherings at Saddle Mountain (the place of their "birth" according to oral history), burial and funerary sites, vision quest sites (tomanowas), former village sites (like Necotat and Quatat), hunting & gathering sites, and places of historical importance (Interview with Jeff Painter, 2001).
