Classical Nahuatl
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| Classical Nahuatl Nahuatl |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Mexico | |
| Region: | Aztec Empire | |
| Language extinction: | 15th century: language fragmented into various modern dialects | |
| Language family: | Uto-Aztecan Southern Uto-Aztecan Aztecan General Aztec Aztec Classical Nahuatl |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | nah | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | nci | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Classical Nahuatl (also known as Aztec, and simply Nahuatl) is a term used to describe the variants of the Nahuatl language that were spoken in the Valley of Mexico — and central Mexico as a lingua franca — at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of Mexico. During the subsequent centuries it was largely displaced by Spanish and evolved into the modern Nahuatl dialects in use today. Although classified as an extinct language,[1] Classical Nahuatl has survived through a multitude of written sources transcribed by Nahuas and Spaniards in the Latin alphabet.
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[edit] Classification
Classic Nahuatl is an Uto-Aztecan language of the Nahuan or Aztecan language. It belongs to the central dialects and is most closely related to the modern dialects of Nahuatl spoken in the valley of Mexico in colonial and modern times. It is probable that the Classical Nahuatl documented by 16th- and 17th-century written sources represents a particularly prestigious sociolect. That is to say, the variety of Nahuatl recorded in these documents is most likely to be more particularly representative of the speech of Aztec nobles (pipiltin), while the commoners (mācehualtin) spoke a somewhat different variety.
[edit] Sounds
[edit] Vowels
| Front | back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, iː | o, oː |
| Mid | e, eː | |
| Open | a, aː | |
[edit] Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k, kʷ | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | |||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
| Lateral affricate | tɬ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Approximant | w | l | j |
[edit] Prosody
Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. The one exception is the vocative suffix -e, used only by males, where stress falls on the final syllable, e.g. Cuāuhtlequetzqui (a name, meaning "eagle-warrior"), but Cuāuhtlequetzqué "Hey, Cuauhtlequetzqui!".
[edit] Phonotactics
Unlike English, which allows up to three consonants to occur at the start or end of words (e.g. sprints), Nahuatl allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary. Also, there are restrictions on which consonants can occur where.
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Writing system
At the time of the Spanish conquest, Aztec writing used mostly pictographs supplemented with a few ideograms. When needed it also used syllabic equivalences; Father Durán recorded how the tlacuilos could render a prayer in Latin using this system, but it was difficult to use. This writing system was adequate for keeping such records as genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists, but could not represent a full vocabulary of spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or of the Maya civilization's script could.
The Spanish introduced the Roman script, which was then utilized to record a large body of Aztec prose and poetry, a fact which somewhat diminished the devastating loss caused by the burning of thousands of Aztec manuscripts by the Catholic priests (see Nahuatl transcription).
The writing system introduced by the Spanish, as well as a comprehensive study of Nahuatl grammar, has now become inefficient, as the language has evolved into different dialects, to a certain degree, distinct from the Nahuatl spoken in the fifteenth century. Today, in the bilingual education programmes in rural communities in Mexico a new writing system is being used, created by the Secretaría de Educación Pública (Ministry of Public Education), which allows for differences among dialects.
[edit] History
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[edit] Literature
Nahuatl literature is extensive (probably the most extensive of all Indigenous languages of the Americas), including a relatively large corpus of poetry (see also Nezahualcoyotl); the Huei tlamahuiçoltica is an excellent early sample of literary Nahuatl.
[edit] References
- de Arenas, Pedro: Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana. [1611] Reprint: México 1982
- Carochi, Horacio: Arte de la lengua mexicana: con la declaración de los adverbios della. [1645] Reprint: Porrúa México 1983
- Garibay, Angel Maria : Llave de Náhuatl. México 19??
- Garibay, Angel María, Historia de la literatura náhuatl. México 1953
- Garibay, Angel María, Poesía náhuatl. vol 1-3 México 1964
- von Humboldt, Wilhelm (1767-1835): Mexicanische Grammatik. Paderborn/München 1994
- Karttunen, Frances, An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl. Norman 1992
- Karttunen, Frances, Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period. Los Angeles 1976
- Launey, Michel : Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques. Paris 1980
- Launey, Michel : Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl. UNAM, México 1992
- de León-Portilla, Ascensión H. : Tepuztlahcuilolli, Impresos en Nahuatl: Historia y Bibliografia. Vol. 1-2. México 1988
- León-Portilla, Miguel : Literaturas Indígenas de México. Madrid 1992
- Lockhart, James (ed): We people here. Nahuatl Accounts of the conquest of Mexico. Los Angeles 1993
- de Molina, Fray Alonso: Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana . [1555] Reprint: Porrúa México 1992
- de Olmos, Fray Andrés: Arte de la lengua mexicana concluído en el convento de San Andrés de Ueytlalpan, en la provincia de Totonacapan que es en la Nueva España. [1547] Reprint: México 1993
- del Rincón, Antonio : Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio del Rincón. [1595] Reprint: México 1885
- de Sahagún, Fray Bernardino(1499-1590): Florentine Codex. General History of the Things of New Spain (Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España). Eds Charles Dibble/Arthr Anderson, vol I-XII Santa Fe 1950-71
- Siméon, Rémi: Dictionnaire de la Langue Nahuatl ou Mexicaine. [Paris 1885] Reprint: Graz 1963
- Siméon, Rémi: Diccionario dße la Lengua Nahuatl o Mexicana. [Paris 1885] Reprint: México 2001
- Sullivan, Thelma D. : Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar. Salt Lake City 1988
- The Nahua Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
- Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autonoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla
