Clacks (Discworld)
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- Clacks is also an alternative name for Clackmannanshire.
The clacks in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels is a network of semaphore towers stretching along the Sto Plains, into the Ramtops and across the Unnamed Continent to Genua. It was introduced in The Fifth Elephant, and has become the Discworld's first telecommunications network. While the system structure is that of a telegraph, elements of it are often described as similar to the Internet; for example, it threatens to make the Post Office obsolete in Going Postal and is sometimes described as 'c-mail' (a clear reference to e-mail).
A possible influence for the clacks system is the similar semaphore network in the Keith Roberts novel Pavane. Both are based on the real-world optical telegraphs used in the early 19th century before electrical telegraphy made them obsolete. The name itself may have been inspired by 'clackers', the term for operators of mechanical computers in William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's steampunk novel, The Difference Engine.
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[edit] A typical clacks tower
A typical clacks tower is three stories tall, made of wood, and probably looks like it was put together in a hurry, because it was. They tend to be eight miles apart.
The ground floor is a storeroom. The second contains an office, a kitchen and, in out-of-the-way towers, a bunkroom. The top floor contains the controls. Two chairs face identical control boards on either side, each connected to the panels on the opposite side. There is a keyboard, and levers and pedals. Sometimes entering a code will alter the configuration of the system, probably beneficially (but see Smoking GNU, below.)
[edit] History
The history of the clacks network was detailed in Going Postal. The invention was originally made by an artificer called Robert Dearheart, conducting experiments in an abandoned wizard's tower halfway between Ankh-Morpork and Sto Lat. The basic mechanism he came up with was a two-by-three array of wooden panels, with pulleys that could drop shutters over them, creating a code. A series of high towers, with one of these mechanisms on each side and someone ready to relay the codes, could send messages across at the speed of light.[1] The panel also had a recess for a lamp, meaning messages could be sent at night.
Based on this he founded the Grand Trunk Company, which began creating a network of towers that would stretch across the continent. "High traffic" towers have more than six panels. The largest is the one on the huge hill in Ankh-Morpork called The Tump, which is the main junction between the city's clacks network (various city institutions, including the Guilds, and the Watch had installed small clacks towers on their buildings) and the chain of towers that leads past Sto Lat, into Überwald, and from there to Genua. In the less civilized areas in the heart of the continent, they ran into problems, and most clacks towers in the Überwald area had fortified stone bases and, often, armed guards. The problem was particularly acute in Borogravia, where the towers were seen as an Abomination unto Nuggan, on the grounds that if messages were being sent through the air, prayers would get tangled up in them.
Because so much of the material being sent was confidential, the senders would put it in their own code before being given to the clacks operators. The operators were, therefore, often surprised if they received a message they understood, outside the Overhead (the messages from and about the network itself).
The Grand Trunk employed a lot of gargoyles, as they were exceptionally good at sitting and watching without getting bored.
The success of the clacks network resulted in a fad for semaphore of all types, and fashionable Morporkians began carrying signal flags with them, to send messages to friends on the other side of the room. This appears to have died out, although the City Watch has its own semaphore network, with a relay station on the roof of the Old Lemonade Factory (the Watch training school).
Dearheart, and his employees, continued to improve the network. As the network grew larger, activating the shutters directly became too complicated, so methods of automating the process were introduced. Punch cards, nicknamed jacquards, were designed that would send certain messages automatically, and clockwork machinery was added to regulate the mechanisms. Outgoing messages were stored on rolls of punched paper called "drum rolls" (presumably after the differential drum, which seems to be the centre of the clockwork). They even worked out a way of coding pictures, by using numbers to represent the colour, this is later simplified, as explained in Monstrous Regiment
[edit] Reacher Gilt
Unfortunately, Dearheart and those like him were brilliant at engineering, but not finances. A consortium of financiers had been embezzling from the company since it was set up. When it reached the point of collapse, they bought Dearheart and the others out with their own money. Under the new management, the clacks network became more profitable, but less reliable. As the new owners didn't really understand the clacks the way the previous management had, they worked it until it broke.
The head of the new consortium was a man named Reacher Gilt. A ruthless businessman with a piratical appearance, including an eyepatch and a parrot (actually a cockatoo that, instead of repeatedly saying "pieces of eight", repeatedly said "twelve and a half percent"), he was a shameless con-artist and fraudster whose business style was described as "three-card Monte with entire banks". He maintained his monopoly by killing anyone attempting to set up another network, including Dearheart's son, John, and employed the banshee Mr. Gryle to do just that.
[edit] The Smoking GNU
Clacks operators, therefore, could either keep working for a company that didn't really care about the clacks, or give up. Since the clacks tended to attract obsessive personalities (a parallel to computer geeks), this was more than they could stand. One group (a trio comprising "Mad Al, Sane Alex, and Adrian who says he's not mad but can't prove it"), who had been working with John Dearheart before his death, set up an illegal clacks tower and used their knowledge of the system to send unauthorized messages in the Overhead, in a manner akin to computer hackers, crackers, or phreakers. They worked out a way to deliver killer pokes into the system, putting the towers out of commission (the explanation given is that if two specific shutters are moved in opposite directions at the top of a tower, it would rock dangerously. Appending a U to the clacks code would mean the message would turn around at each end as part of the overhead, creating a line of constantly swaying towers). They called themselves the Smoking GNU, from the clacks-jargon term for a really fast unlogged message (the name is a reference to "the smoking gun" in many conspiracy theories; it's unknown whether this is a reference to the GNU Project or its related licenses).
Alex Carlton and Al Winton are clacks engineers. Despite Alex's nickname, it is Al's opinion that he's mad as well, because nobody normal would organize screws by size (Jeremy Clockson had the same kind of "sanity", and many Discworld villains have similar afflictions). Adrian Emery is an alchemist, and has a number of ideas for improving the clacks with chemicals that change colour (and hardly explode at all). His eyes are constantly looking in different directions.
The clacks system has also been cracked by Hex, after Ponder Stibbons connected it to the Unseen University's tower [thereby making Hex the equivalent of a computer with an internet connection.] Whether or not this is actually legal is a question the faculty is carefully not asking.
[edit] Restoration
In Going Postal, the consortium was exposed, and Havelock Vetinari proposed that the Ankh-Morpork Post Office take over the running of the system, most likely a reference to when the GPO (General Post Office) formerly ran the telephone network in the UK. However, the Postmaster, Moist von Lipwig has expressed his intention to return the Grand Trunk Company to the Dearheart family. Reacher Gilt was presumed dead, after being given a life or death choice by Lord Vetinari, of which he chose the latter.
[edit] c-mail
While the system structure of the clacks is similar to that of the telegraph system, elements of it are often described as similar to the Internet; for example, it threatens to make the Post Office obsolete in Going Postal and is sometimes described as 'c-mail' (a clear reference to e-mail).
Some c-mails include:
•William de Worde: WDW@Times.AM
•We R Igors: Yethmarthter Uberwald
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ About 600 miles per hour, or about the speed of sound, due to the effects of magical fields on electromagnetic radiation.
