Circle map
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In mathematics, the circle map is a chaotic map showing a number of interesting chaotic behaviors. It was first proposed by Andrey Kolmogorov as a simplified model for driven mechanical rotors (specifically, a free-spinning wheel weakly coupled by a spring to a motor). The circle map equations also describe a simplified model of the phase-locked loop in electronics. The circle map exhibits certain regions of its parameters where it is locked to the driving frequency (phase-locking or mode-locking in the language of electronic circuits); these are referred to as Arnold tongues, after Vladimir Arnold. Among other applications, the circle map has been used to study the dynamical behaviour of a beating heart.
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[edit] Definition
The circle map is given by iterating the map
It has two parameters, the coupling strength K and the driving phase Ω. As a model for phase-locked loops, Ω may be interpreted as a driving frequency.
[edit] Mode locking
For small to intermediate values of K (that is, in the range of K = 0 to about K ∼ 1), and certain values of Ω, the map exhibits a phenomenon called mode locking or phase locking. In a phase-locked region, the values θn advance essentially as a rational multiple of n, although they may do so chaotically on the small scale.
The limiting behavior in the mode-locked regions is given by the rotation number
The phase-locked regions, or Arnold tongues, are illustrated in black in the figure above. Each such V-shaped region touches down to a rational value Ω = p / q in the limit of . The values of (K,Ω) in one of these regions will all result in a motion such that the winding number ω = p / q. For example, all values of (K,Ω) in the large V-shaped region in the bottom-center of the figure correspond to a winding number of ω = 1 / 2. One reason the term "locking" is used is that the individual values θn can be perturbed by rather large random disturbances (up to the width of the tongue, for a given value of K), without disturbing the limiting winding number. That is, the sequence stays "locked on" to the signal, despite the addition of significant noise to the series θn. This ability to "lock on" in the presence of noise is central to the utility of phase-locked loop electronic circuit.
There is a mode-locked region for every rational number p / q. It is sometimes said that the circle map maps the rationals, a set of measure zero at K=0, to a set of non-zero measure for . The largest tongues, ordered by size, occur at the Farey fractions. Fixing K and taking a cross-section through this image, so that ω is plotted as a function of Ω gives the Devil's staircase, a shape that is generically similar to the Cantor function.
The circle map also exhibits subharmonic routes to chaos, that is, period doubling of the form 3,6,12,24,....
[edit] References
- Weisstein, Eric W., Circle Map at MathWorld.
- Robert Gilmore and Marc Lefranc, The Topology of Chaos, Alice in Stretch and Squeezeland, (2002) Wiley Interscience ISBN 0-471-40816-6 (Provides a brief review of basic facts in section 2.12).
- Leon Glass, Micheal R. Guevara, Alvin Shrier, Rafael Perez, "Bifurcation and Chaos in a Periodically Stimulated Cardiac Oscillator", Physica 7D (1983) pp 89-101. Bound as Order in Chaos, Proceedings of the International Conference on Order and Chaos held at the Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,USA 24-28 May 1982, Eds. David Campbell, Harvey Rose; North-Holland Amsterdam ISBN 0-444-86727-9. (Performs a detailed analysis of heart cardiac rhythms in the context of the circle map.)
- Mark McGuinness and Young Hong, Arnold tongues in human cardiorespiratory system, Chaos, March 2004, 14, 1.
[edit] External links
- Circle map with interactive Java applet