Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence
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Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a time line of events during the Turkish War of Independence (May 19, 1919 - Oct 29 1923). The time line also includes the background events starting with the end of the First World War. The events are classified according to the campaigns and parties involved. Pictures are included for the significant events.
Contents |
| Legend | ||
| Groups | Members | Main Article |
| Nationals | Turkish Revolutionaries | Establishment |
| Mustafa Kemal | ||
| Central Powers | Ottoman Empire | Kuva-i Inzibatiye |
| Joint actions by Allies of World War I | Britain | Chanak Crisis |
| Greece | Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) | |
| Armenia | Turkish-Armenian War | |
| France | Franco-Turkish War | |
| Italy | ||
[edit] 1918
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1918,Oct 30 | Signing of the Armistice of Mudros, i) opening up the Straits, ii) guaranteeing access to the Black Sea, iii) providing for Allied occupation of the fortresses along the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, iv) foreseeing immediate demobilisation of Turkish troops, except where necessary to preserve order, v) placing Allies in control of all the railroads, vi) Article VII: giving the Allies "the right to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of the Allies". |
| 1918,Oct 31 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha takes over the command of the 7th Army (Syrian front) from the German general Otto Liman von Sanders. |
| 1918,Nov 01 | Last congress of the Committee of Union and Progress gathers in İstanbul |
| 1918,Nov 02 | Enver Pasha, Talat Pasha, Cemal Pasha and others leading names of the Committee of Union and Progress leave İstanbul. |
| 1918,Nov 08 | Grand vizier Ahmed İzzet Pasha and his government demissions. |
| 1918,Nov 08 | British troops occupy Musul. |
| 1918,Nov 09 | British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles. |
| 1918,Nov 11 | A new Ottoman government is formed under the Grand vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha. |
| 1918,Nov 12 | A French brigade enters İstanbul to begin the Allied occupation of the city and its immediate dependencies (the two opposite peninsulas) |
| 1918,Nov 12 | A fleet consisting of British, French, Italian and Greek ships the next day, which embarks additional troops. |
| 1918,Nov 13 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrives to İstanbul from Adana. |
| 1918,Nov 14 | Joint French-Greek troops cross the Meriç River and occupy the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of İstanbul. |
| 1918,Nov 14 | First Kars Congress organized by representatives of the Turkish-Muslim majority population in Kars region te define actions to be taken in view of the retreat of Ottoman forces. |
| 1918,Nov 15 | Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which will be occupied by British troops in the following days, and also evacuate Musul occupied by the British after the armistice. |
| 1918,Nov 18 | Ottoman troops withdraw from Tebriz. |
| 1918,Nov 28 | Kazım Karabekir Pasha arrives to İstanbul from Kars. |
| 1918,Nov 30 | Second Kars Congress . |
| 1918,Dec 1 | The first "Association for Defense of National Rights (Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti)" -of Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire in view of the peace treaty to come- is founded in İzmir, to be followed by similar associations for Thrace and the Eastern Provinces in the following days. |
| 1918,Dec 06 | British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis, |
| 1918,Dec 07 | French troops occupy Antakya. |
| 1918,Dec 17 | French navy embark troops in Mersin which will occupy the important port city. |
| 1918,Dec 19 | French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Cilicia War. |
| 1918,Dec 20 | French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey. |
| 1918,Dec 21 | Closure of the Ottoman Parliament by the sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin putting an end to its third term that was dominated by the Committee of Union and Progress under a single party regime. |
| 1918,Dec 21 | "Adana Association for Defense of National Rights" is founded. |
| 1918,Dec 23 | French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye in a move that will extend till Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on 27 December, thus acquiring control over Çukurova. In the same days, British troops occupy Batum. |
| 1918,Dec 30 | Following a visit to Paris in November to present Greece's territorial claims to the Peace Conference to be opened, Venizelos reasserts these claims in a memorandum addressed to the British Premier, Lloyd George and covering all of Western Anatolia, from opposite Rhodes (or Castellorizo) to the Sea of Marmara. |
[edit] 1919
 Turkish independence effort behind the lines |
 Kuvayi Milliye: Militias of Turkish Revolutionaries in Çukurova region |
 "The Big Four" during the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson) |
 A French officer with five Turkish prisoners from Antep (later Gaziantep) during the Cilicia War. |
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1919,Jan 03 | British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus. |
| 1919,Jan 09 | End of the successive First and Second Ardahan Congresses (opened 3 January). |
| 1919,Jan 12 | The first cabinet of the Grand vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha demissions, and Ahmed Tevfik Pasha presents a new government the next day. |
| 1919,Jan 15 | British troops based in Syria occupy Antep. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year. |
| 1919,Jan 18 | End of the Great Kars Congress (131 delegates) and the declaration of the founding of South West Caucasian Republic. |
| 1919,Jan 19 | Paris Peace Conference opens. |
| 1919,Jan 22 | Ottoman troops start withdrawing from Batum. |
| 1919,Feb 02 | British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year. |
| 1919,Feb 08 | French general Franchet d'Esperey ("desperate Frankey" as nicknamed among the British), commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in Turkey arrives to İstanbul. |
| 1919,Feb 12 | "Association for Defense of National Rights (Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti)" is founded in Trabzon, to be followed a parallel association in Samsun and these two associations come together in a congress organized in Trabzon on 23 February. |
| 1919,Feb 21 | Oltu Congress. |
| 1919,Feb 23 | A number of Pontic Greek notables gather in Trabzon in parallel to the movements among the Turkish populations and take the decision to work towards the establishment of a Pontian Greek Republic in the vilayet of Trabzon. The first issue of the newspaper Pontos, a step in that direction, is published in Trabzon on 4 March. Chrysanthos of Trebizonde, the Archbishop of the Greek Orthodox populations of the region, goes to Paris on 27 March and presents a report to the Conference on 2 May. |
| 1919,Feb 27 | British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year. |
| 1919,Mar 03 | The Grand vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha and his second government resigns. |
| 1919,Mar 04 | Damat Ferid Pasha is appointed as grand vizier and forms his first government.
The representatives of Britain, the US, France and Italy open the discussions at the Paris Peace Conference on the envisaged mandates for Syria, Cilicia and Armenia. |
| 1919,Mar 13 | Kazım Karabekir Pasha is assigned to the command of the 15th Army Corps based in Erzurum. |
| 1919,Mar 18 | Two French gunboats embark respective troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli commanding Turkey's coal mining region. |
| 1919,Mar 22 | Known to be inclined to armed resistance to any occupation attempt and in view of the projected landing of Greek troops, Nureddin Pasha is relieved from his posts as interim governor of İzmir and from the command of 17th Army Corps based in that city. |
| 1919,Mar 24 | British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year. |
 Mustafa Kemal Pasha, aged 38, on 17 April 1919 in a photograph signed for Rauf Orbay |
 Greek PM Venizelos |
 Greek troops in İzmir |
 Public demonstration in İstanbul on 23 May 1919 in protest of the Occupation of İzmir, with Sultanahmet Mosque in the background. |
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1919,Apr 12 | The flagship of the Greek Navy, the cruiser Georgios Averof docks in the port of İzmir in a show of force for Greece. . |
| 1919,Apr 24 | The Italian delegation, angry about the possibility of the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia, leaves Paris Peace Conference does not return to Paris until 5 May. Although Italy sends a warship to İzmir on 30 April as a show of force to prevent Greek occupation, the absence of the Italian delegation from the Conference ends up by facilitating Lloyd George's efforts to persuade France and the United States in Greece’s favour. |
| 1919,May 06 | As a result of British diplomacy, Paris Peace Conference authorises Greek forces to land on Turkish territory for three principal reasons. 1. To reward Greece for her participation in the First World War, as previously promised. 2. For fear of Christian massacres ("unjustified" and "undoubtedly based on forgeries" according to the Inter-Allied Commission Report of October 1919). 3. To prevent Italian operations in Western Anatolia. |
| 1919,May 08 | Greek troops based in Thessaloniki are ordered to sail toward İzmir in view of occupation. |
| 1919,May 11 | Small Italian contingents occupy (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris. |
| 1919,May 12 | Admiral Arthur Calthorpe, signatory to the Armistice of Mudros on behalf of Britain, arrives in İzmir, in his title of British High Commissioner, to supervise the imminent Greek occupation of the city. |
| 1919,May 15 | Greek forces land in İzmir and Greece launches its occupation of Western Anatolia. For the city's Turkish population, the day is marked by the "first bullet" fired by Hasan Tahsin at the standard bearer at the head of the troops, the murder by bayonet coups of Colonel Fethi Bey for refusing to shout "Zito Venizelos" and the killing and wounding of unarmed Turkish soldiers in the city's principal casern, as well as of 300-400 civilians. |
| 1919,May 16 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha departs from İstanbul on board the ship Bandırma heading for Samsun where he was appointed as Inspector General for the 9th Army. |
| 1919,May 16 | Greek troops occupy the towns along Karaburun peninsula west of İzmir (Urla, Çeşme, Seferihisar and Karaburun) |
| 1919,May 18 | Greek troops occupy Söke, situated a hundred kilometers south of İzmir at a key location that commands the fertile Menderes River valley. |
| 1919,May 19 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha sets foot in Samsun where he was appointed as Inspector General for the 9th Army. |
| 1919,May 21 | Greek troops occupy Menemen and Torbalı, towards the north and the southeast at proximity of İzmir. |
| 1919,May 23 | In line with a wave of demonstrations around Turkey to protest against Greece's occupation of İzmir, the largest of these public meetings is held in Sultanahmet Square in İstanbul. |
| 1919,May 23 | Greek troops occupy Selçuk to the south, Bayındır to the east and Foça to the north of İzmir. |
| 1919,May 23 | Aristidis Stergiadis, the Greek High Commissioner for Ionia, who had arrived in İzmir on 21 May, authorises orders for the occupation of Aydın, Manisa and Turgutlu. |
| 1919,May 25 | Greek troops occupy Manisa. |
| 1919,May 27 | Greek troops occupy Aydın. Although Menderes (Meander) valley was not, strictly speaking, mandated for an occupation by Greek troops, Italian Navy's movements off the coast of Kuşadası orient the Greek high command towards becoming the first power to establish an influence in this region. A feel-pulse nature prevails during these first Greek advances. |
| 1919,May 29 | Greek troops occupy Kasaba (Turgutlu), Tire and Ayvalık where the Turkish side fires the "first bullets" by regular troops. Forces under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel (later minister) Ali Çetinkaya check their enemy before retreating. |
| 1919,Jun 01 | Greek troops occupy Ödemiş after a six hour exchange of fire in the Circassian village of Hacıilyas, ten kilometers west of Ödemiş, which prides itself for being the spot where the "first bullets" by irregular forces, soon to form into militias, were fired. The village, burned in whole by the Greek army after the fighting is named İlkkurşun since ("first bullet" in Turkish). |
| 1919,Jun 03 | Greek troops occupy Nazilli, that they evacuate on 19 June following a number of raids on Greek positions by Turkish irregulars and subsequent Greek reprisals. |
| 1919,Jun 12 | Greek troops occupy Bergama. |
| 1919,Jun 14 | Ambushed in Bergama by locally organized Turkish Revolutionaries, Greek forces retreat in disorder to Menemen. |
| 1919,Jun 17 | Menemen massacre following the killing of the prefect Kemal Bey and the six Turkish gendarmes accompanying him the day before. Different sources cite 200 to 1000 Turkish deaths in this single day, with the exact figure re-confirmed as being closer to the latter estimate, with no wounded among either the Greek troops or the Greek minority of Menemen. |
| 1919,Jun 19 | Greek troops evacuate Nazilli. |
| 1919,Jun 21 | Amasya Circular issued after a meeting in Amasya by the commanders Mustafa Kemal, Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy and Refet Bele calling for a national movement to against the occupying powers. |
| 1919,Jun 27 | The fight around Aydın. The Greek troops carrying out reconnaissance patrols around Aydın and burning villages, are repulsed by irregular forces under Yörük Ali, in an ambush at Malgaç train station and the efe pursue the Greek troops till the outskirts of the city. |
| 1919,Jun 28 | In Balıkesir, the first of five congresses to be held in that city unites in a large forum the representatives of the Turkish revolutionaries of western Turkey to define the actions to be taken against the occupation. A larger meeting is decided to be organized in Alaşehir. |
| 1919,Jun 29 | Battle of Aydın. Fires break out in one of the Turkish quarters of the city (Cuma quarter) and a massacre of civilians ensues, machine-gunned for no reason by the Greek troops. The Greek troops evacuate the the city which will be controlled for four days by the efe under the leadership of Yörük Ali. The Greek quarter is burned in its turn and some among the Aydın Greek minority were killed or robbed during these four days while others survived thanks to the protection of Colonel Şefik Bey. Efe retreat back to the mountains after reportedly several thousands of casualties for each side. |
| 1919,Jul 4 | Reinforced Greek forces take back control of Aydın, burning another Turkish quarter in reprisal. |
| 1919,Jul 15 | Grand vizier ad interim and Sheikh ul-Islam Ürgüplü Mustafa Sabri Efendi sends a telegram to Paris Peace Conference formally accusing the Greeks to have committed atrocities in Izmir and its surroundings and requesting the Conference to send a commission of inquiry to the region, since "The Council was not without responsibility, seeing that it had sent the Greeks to Izmir." |
| 1919,Jul 21 | Erzurum Congress uniting representatives from Turkey's Eastern Anatolia provinces in Erzurum under the chairmanship of Mustafa Kemal and Kazım Karabekir. The Congress lasts till 7 August 1919. |
| 1919,Aug 16 | A large-scale eight-day congress of Turkish revolutionaries of western Turkey is held in Alaşehir which defines further actions to be taken against the occupation and elects the representatives to be sent to Sivas for the national congress in preparation. |
| 1919,Sep 04 | Sivas Congress uniting representatives from all over Turkey in Sivas. The congress lasts 8 days and calls for national unity. |
| 1919,Sep 30 | Damat Ferid Pasha is removed from office by the sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin, putting an end to his first period of vizierate. |
| 1919,Sep 06 | A new Ottoman government is formed under the new grand vizier Ali Rıza Pasha. |
| 1919,Oct 22 | Amasya Protocole between the Delegation of Representatives (Heyet-i Temsiliye) assigned by Sivas Congress and headed by Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the Minister of Marine (later grand vizier himself) Hulusi Salih Pasha, representing the short-lived Ottoman government of Ali Rıza Pasha, in an effort to seek ways for preserving independence through joint efforts. |
| 1919,Oct 29 | French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city, despite manifest opposition to the replacement by the city's inhabitants. |
| 1919,Oct 31 | Sütçü İmam Incident in Maraş. Two days after the French forces take the city's control, the incident, termed after the defender of three Turkish women who were being harassed and molested in the street by French Armenian Legion auxiliaries, and who shoots one of the molesters in the skirmish. The incident triggers a series of events that will lead the Turkish majority of Maraş to rise against the occupation forces with wholescale urban warfare to be launched in two months' time with the Battle of Marash. The battle will earn Maraş the title of "Kahraman" - heroic (Kahramanmaraş meaning "Maraş the Heroic") |
| 1919,Nov 21 | French troops tentatively occupy Mardin for one day and retreat from the city towards the evening of the same day, faced with propects of a potentially bitter resistance by the population to a full occupation attempt. |
| 1919,Dec 27 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrives to Ankara. |
[edit] 1920
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1920,Jan 12 | The newly elected members of the Ottoman Parliament, composed in their sweeping majority of candidates of "Association for Defense of National Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti)", headed by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who himself remained in Ankara, open the fourth (and last) term of the Parliament. |
| 1920,Jan 21 | Start of wholescale urban warfare in Maraş (Battle of Marash) with the Turkish Revolutionaries facing French troops, French Colonial Forces units and the French Armenian Legion auxiliaries. |
| 1920,Jan 28 | The Ottoman Parliament, gathered in a secret session, ratifies the decisions adopted in Erzurum Congress and Sivas Congress and the publishes the Misak-ı Milli (National Oath) document constituting the basis of principle of Turkey's frontiers. |
| 1920,Feb 12 | French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Maraş faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1920,Mar 03 | Grand vizier Ali Rıza Pasha demissions. |
| 1920,Mar 08 | The new Ottoman government is formed under grand vizier Hulusi Salih Pasha. |
| 1920,Mar 16 | Officialization of the Occupation of İstanbul. The premises of the Ottoman Parliament is raided by the Allied forces, as well as other key locations across İstanbul in a large-scale military operation. A number of deputies and other key personalities are arrested the same day or in the following days, and sent to exile in Malta (Malta exiles). |
| 1920,Mar 18 | Last session of the last Ottoman Parliament, with the arrested deputies missing, a black cloth covering the pulpit in a gesture to remind of their forced absence. Many of the remaining members soon leave for Ankara to constitute the core of the new assembly. |
| 1920,Mar 19 | Declaration by Mustafa Kemal Pasha in view of convening a national assembly with extraordinary powers in Ankara, stressing the need to undertake elections at the latest within fifteen days to constitute the members of the new assembly, with members of the dispersed Ottoman Parliament free to join. |
| 1920,Apr 02 | Grand vizier Hulusi Salih Pasha demissions. |
| 1920,Apr 05 | The sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin, under pressure from the Allies, closes the Ottoman Parliament officially, and Damat Ferid Pasha, deeply hostile to the Turkish revolutionaries, is appointed once again grand vizier. |
| 1920,Apr 10 | Sheikh ul-Islam Dürrizade Abdullah edicts a fatwa which qualifies the Turkish Revolutionaries as infidels, calling for the death of its leaders. |
| 1920,Apr 10 | A counter fatwa prepared by the mufti of Ankara, Rifat Börekçi, and signed by hundreds of clergy members across Anatolia declares the sheik ul-Islam's edict as null and void. |
| 1920,Apr 13 | An uprising against Turkish Revolutionaries is sparked in Düzce on 13 April, as a direct consequence of the sheik ul-Islam's fatwa. |
| 1920,Apr 18 | The revolt in Düzce, in opposition to the constitution of a new government in Ankara, extends to Bolu, and on 20 April, to Gerede. The movement englobed an important part of northwestern Anatolia for about a month and is generally termed the Caliphate Army (Hilafet Ordusu or Kuva-i İnzibatiye) revolt (for Ankara) or movement (for the Ottoman government). The Ottoman government had accorded semi-official status to the Caliphate Army for a brief period and Ahmet Anzavur held an important role in the uprising. |
| 1920,Apr 23 | The Turkish Grand National Assembly, established on the basis of national sovereignty, holds the opening session of its first term and elects Mustafa Kemal Pasha as president of the assembly. Some 100 members of the dissolved Ottoman Parliament, including its president Celaleddin Arif, had been able to escape the Allied roundup and joined the 190 deputies elected around the country. |
| 1920,Apr 26 | Starting 19 April, Sanremo conference determines the allocation of mandates for administration to be imposed on the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East by the victorious powers. |
| 1920,Apr 26 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha writes a letter to Lenin, seeking Soviet aid. The letter will be answered officially and favorably by Chicherin on 3 June. |
| 1920,Apr 26 | A Turkish delegation which had already departed for Moscow on 11 May approaches the destination. |
| 1920,April 30 | The Caliphate Army revolt, after having taken control of Safranbolu on 25 April, reaches the limit of its extension by the adhesion of the town of Çerkeş to the movement, directly to the north of Ankara. For a time, the new-born Ankara government's fortunes seem in their thinnest. |
| 1920,May 11 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha and five other prominent names of the national movement are condemned in abstentia to death sentence by a military tribunal in İstanbul. The other five condemned are Ali Fuat Pasha, Kara Vasıf -head of intelligence-, Ahmed Rüstem Bilinsky -former Ottoman ambassador in the U.S.; name due to Polish father-, Dr. Adnan Adıvar and his wife Halide Edip. |
| 1920,May 27 | The first victory of military consequence by the Turkish Revolutionaries in Karboğazı Pass between Tarsus and Pozantı, where 530 soldiers of the occupation troops are made prisoner. |
| 1920,Jun 02 | French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kozan faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1920,Jun 08 | The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli where they were embarked since a year depart, but pursue their occupation on Zonguldak, where they concentrate by occupying the city as a whole and officially on 18 June. |
| 1920,Jun 22 | Greek troops occupy Akhisar. |
| 1920,Jun 23 | Greek army launches a wide offensive across western Anatolia, from the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara to the Menderes River valley, plausibly timed in order to apply pressure on the Ottoman government for the signature of the treaty drafted by the Allies. |
| 1920,Jun 24 | Greek troops occupy Salihli and the lignite mining region of Soma-Kırkağaç. |
| 1920,Jun 25 | Abolition of the Caliphate Army by the Ottoman government after the successive defeats this movement suffered faced to regular troops loyal to Ankara government. |
| 1920,Jun 25 | Greek troops occupy Alaşehir. |
| 1920,Jun 28 | Greek troops occupy Kula. |
| 1920,Jun 30 | Greek troops occupy Balıkesir. |
| 1920,Jul 01 | Greek troops occupy Edremit, last Aegean port held by the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1920,Jul 02 | Greek troops occupy the Sea of Marmara ports of Bandırma and Biga. |
| 1920,Jul 08 | Greek troops occupy Bursa, a former Ottoman capital of central importance for the region along the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara. |
| 1920,Jul 11 | Greek troops occupy İznik. |
| 1920,Jul 11 | In the south, French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Birecik faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1920,Jul 20 | Greek troops skip to the northern shores of the Sea of Marmara and occupy Tekirdağ, Marmara Ereğli and Çorlu in Eastern Thrace. |
| 1920,Aug 04 | Greek troops occupy Gelibolu, on the Dardanelles. |
| 1920,Aug 10 | In Sevres, the grand vizier Damat Ferid Pasha and three other Ottoman personalities (see photo) sign the stillborn Treaty of Sevres. In the absence of the Ottoman Parliament forced to close down in April, the sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin will not ratify the text. |
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1920,Aug 19 | Turkish Grand National Assembly proclaims not recognizing the treaty signed in Sevres and declares having stripped the signatories of their citizenship. Indeed, all four will be included among the 150 personae non gratae of Turkey after the war. |
| 1920,Aug 28 | Greek troops occupy Uşak and Afyonkarahisar, the key cities of the western Anatolian inland. |
| 1920,Oct 22 | In the south, French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Saimbeyli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1920,Oct 25 | In Athens, Alexander I of Greece dies, after having been bitten by a pet monkey. |
| 1920,Nov 02 | Signature of the Treaty of Alexandropol (Treaty of Gümrü), between Turkey, as represented by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and Armenia. |
| 1920,Nov 18 | In Athens, Prime Minister Venizelos, architect of Greece's advance into Anatolia, loses the elections, to be replaced by a series of cabinets of lesser stature, and also paving the way for a larger royal involvement in politics. |
[edit] 1921
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1921,Jan 09 | First Battle of İnönü between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts three days and ends with a victory for the Turkish troops under İsmet Pasha's command (later İsmet İnönü in reference to the two battles). |
| 1921,Jan 25 | Allies gather in Paris and decide to convene Greek and Turkish (both Ottoman and Ankara governments) representatives to a conference in London to discuss possible modifications of clauses of the Treaty of Sevres. |
| 1921,Feb 21 | The conference on a revisal of the Treaty of Sevres opens in London. It will last until 12 March. The Ottoman grand vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha leaves the right to speak to the representatives from Ankara. The proposals of the conference will not be accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. |
| 1921,Mar 07 | French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1921,Mar 16 | Signature of the Treaty of Moscow, a friendship agreement between Soviet Union and Turkey, as represented by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. |
| 1921,Mar 07 | In the south, French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1921,Mar 26 | Second Battle of İnönü between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts five days and ends with a victory for the Turkish troops under İsmet Pasha's command (later İsmet İnönü in reference to the two battles). |
| 1921,Mar 07 | In the south, French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Düziçi and Bahçe faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1921,Mar 09 | Signature of the Cilicia Peace Treaty in London between the Turkish (Ankara government) foreign minister Bekir Sami Kunduh and the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand. The French agree to evacuate Cilicia and announce their decision in the region, starting a mass movement of the Armenian minority, this time outwards. The treaty will be replaced by the Accord of Ankara, adopting the same principles but differing on technicalities. |
| 1921,Apr 01 | French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Karaisalı faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1921,Apr 11 | French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the key city of Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries. |
| 1921,Jun 09 | Former minister of France, Franklin Bouillon, arrives in Ankara, in quality of unofficial but direct representative of the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand, to discuss on possible issues from the stalemate of the Cilicia War. |
| 1921,Jun 21 | In İnebolu, battleship Kilkis and destroyer Panthir of the Hellenic Navy bomb the port and the warehouses. Shelling will be repeated, less intensely, on 30 August. Mustafa Kemal Pasha's words, "My eyes are on the Sakarya and my ears in İnebolu!", summarize İnebolu's importance for the Turkish war effort, as center for the forwarding of arms and supplies into inner Anatolia. İnebolu will become one of the two cities in Turkey to receive the Turkish Medal of Independence after the war (the other city is Kahramanmaraş). |
| 1921,Jun 21 | the French troops depart from Zonguldak for good, and the foreign occupation or control of the coal mining region of the western Black Sea coasts of Turkey comes to an end, to the relief of Ankara. |
| 1921,Aug 04 | Mustafa Kemal Pasha is made Commander-in-Chief by vote of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. |
| 1921,Aug 23 | Battle of Sakarya between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts till 13 September and ends with a Turkish victory. |
| 1921,Oct 13 | Signature of the Treaty of Kars, between the three republics of the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia) and Turkey, as represented by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. |
| 1921,Oct 20 | Signature of Accord of Ankara between France and Turkey, as represented by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, putting an end to the Cilicia War and preparing the ground for the evacuation of French troops from the southern front. |
| 1921,Nov 15 | French troops evacuate Islahiye. |
| 1921,Dec 07 | The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years. |
| 1921,Dec 25 | French troops evacuate Antep (later Gaziantep). |
| 1921,Dec 27 | French troops evacuate Tarsus. |
[edit] 1922
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1922,Jan 03 | French troops evacuate Mersin. |
| 1922,Jan 05 | French troops evacuate Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus. |
| 1922,Jan 07 | French troops evacuate Osmaniye. |
| 1922,Jan 03 | French troops evacuate Dörtyol which will be the frontier with the Republic of Hatay for 17 years, till its adhesion to Turkey in 1939 to form the present-day Hatay Province. |
| 1922,Aug 26 | Battle of Dumlupınar between Turkish and Greek forces. The next day, Turkish troops re-capture Afyonkarahisar while in the north, İznik is captured for the second time and definitely. The battle lasts till 30 August ends with a Turkish victory. A rapid retreat and evacuation by the Greek army across the Western Anatolian inland begins, while the Turkish armies spring forward in a blitz. |
 The re-built regular army: Turkish army troops during an inspection before the final battles. |
 Mustafa Kemal Pasha during a "Ramazan Bayramı" before the final battles (May 1922) |
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1922,Aug 30 | Turkish troops re-capture Kütahya. |
| 1922,Sep 01 | Turkish troops re-capture Uşak. |
| 1922,Sep 02 | Turkish troops re-capture Eskişehir. |
| 1922,Sep 03 | Turkish troops re-capture Eşme and Ödemiş, at which Turkey's Aegean Region proper starts. |
| 1922,Sep 04 | Turkish troops re-capture Bilecik, the Ottoman cradles of Söğüt and Bozüyük, the towns along the Gediz River valley such as Simav, Kula and Tire. |
| 1922,Sep 05 | Turkish troops re-capture towns along the Menderes River valley such as Nazilli, Sultanhisar and Kuyucak, as well as Alaşehir. |
| 1922,Sep 06 | Turkish troops re-capture Balıkesir, İnegöl, Akhisar and Söke corresponding to four separate sallies. |
| 1922,Sep 07 | Turkish troops re-capture Aydın, its surrounding towns, Kuşadası on the shore, and Kasaba (Turgutlu) and Torbalı towards İzmir. In Athens, Petros Protopapadakis government demissions. |
| 1922,Sep 08 | Turkish troops re-capture Manisa, Nif (Kemalpaşa), within view of İzmir, and the Gulf of Edremit towns of Edremit, Burhaniye and Havran. |
| 1922,Sep 09 | Turkish troops re-capture İzmir after nearly three and a half years. |
| 1922,Sep 11 | Turkish troops re-capture Bursa and Gemlik in the north, as well as Foça and Seferihisar around İzmir. |
| 1922,Sep 13 | Great Fire of Smyrna that lasts till the 17 September. |
| 1922,Sep 22 | Turkish troops re-assume control of the city of Çanakkale and its depending towns after almost four years, and following several days of tension of international scale, known as Chanak Crisis. |
| 1922,Oct 11 | Signing of the Armistice of Mudanya putting an end to the war in the field. |
| 1922,Nov 01 | Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate. |
| 1922,Nov 17 | Departure of the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin from İstanbul. |
[edit] 1923
| Date | Occurrence |
|---|---|
| 1923,Feb 17 | Opening of İzmir Economic Congress, which will last till 4 March, as a forum to determine the principles of economic policy to be conducted by the new state. |
| 1923,Jul 24 | Signing of the Lausanne Treaty. |
| 1923,Aug 23 | Allied forces start evacuating İstanbul in the frame of the Lausanne Treaty. |
| 1923,Sep 09 | Founding of the Republican People's Party (CHP). |
| 1923,Sep 23 | Last Allied troops depart from İstanbul. |
| 1923,Oct 06 | First Turkish troops enter İstanbul. |
| 1923,Oct 29 | Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey. |
[edit] Sources and references
- Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919) by the Members of the Commission; Adm. Bristol, the US Delegate - Gen. Hare, the British Delegate - Gen. Bunoust, the French Delegate - Gen. Dall'Olio, the Italian Delegate. The statements in defense of the Greek government presented by Col. Mazarakis.
