Chinese terms for God
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Chinese terms for God, especially a "Supreme God", have produced many variations for the title. The oldest records of the term Westerners translate as "God", "Most High God", "Greatest Lord" appear to exist in the earliest documents of Chinese literature as Shangdi (上帝, pinyin: Shàngdì, literally "Above Emperor"). This representation may be as old as 2000 BC or older, with the earliest documentation around 700 BC. However, as Chinese religion changed to incorporate later interperatations of Confucianism, Daoism, & Buddhism, the term seems to have merged, in the views of some philosophers, with an impersonal Tian, or heaven. (See Shangdi, Pangu, Tian, and Chinese Mythology, for examples and details.
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[edit] General Uses
The following is not necessarily a representation of how the word "God" would actually be translated from the Bible. For example, the first occurrence of a term for God in the Bible is in Genesis 1:1 and is rendered in the English as "God". However, many other titles( LORD (usually capitalized, as a replacement for the tetragrammaton see below for more detail ),Almighty, etc.), and God's personal name in different languages (Jehovah:English, Yahweh:Hebrew, Yehova:Spanish,etc.), are also used.
[edit] Assyrian
The earliest introduction of documented Judeo-Christian religion appears to be Jǐng jiào (景教, literally, "bright teaching") around 635 AD, whose proponents were from the Assyrian Church of the East, often inaccurately referred to as Nestorianism. Their term for God was Zhēnzhǔ (真主, literally "Veritable Majesty", or "True Lord").
[edit] Catholic
The earliest documented Chinese Catholic church was founded in China about 1289 AD. The Catholic church historically favored Tīanzhǔ (天主, literally, "Heavenly Lord", or "Lord of Heaven"), and so "Catholic" is rendered Tīanzhǔ jìao (天主教). Korean and Vietnamese Catholics also use cognates of the term for God. This appears to have been used by the Catholic Church to separate Confucian traditions, which were reported to worship spirits and therefore incompatible with the exclusive biblical worship of God. Ironically, although versions of popular Confucianism became strongly associated to idol worship, traditionalists, notably the Qing emperor Kang Xi, did not believe such idolization to accurately reflect Confucius intent.
[edit] Protestant
The earliest documented Protestants appear in China about 1840 AD. Protestants are referred to as Jīdū jìao (基督教, colliquially meaning "Christ teaching") a term that sometimes refers to all Christians, or Xīnjìao (新教, literally, "new teaching") to distinguish Protestants as a group from Christians. Their translations, occurring later and separately, chose to use the older terminology "Shangdi", apparently believing Shangdi was a valid or preferable representation of the "Most High God".
[edit] Translations
[edit] God
The term used commonly in Protestant Chinese bibles for God is Shēn, or "神". This term is much more generic, meaning god, God, spirit, or soul. This probably appeals to groups who are not committed to interperating Shangdi as a historical or spiritual equivalent to the "God Most High" of the Bible. The issue has remained controversial for over a century and Protestant organizations often publish two versions of the Bible, using the two different words.
[edit] Tetragrammaton
In addition, the Tetragrammaton, a four letter pronunciation of the name of God from the original Hebrew often rendered as "YHWH", is rendered in different ways. Catholics have translated this into Yǎwēi (雅威, literally "Elegant Powerful," cf. English "Yahweh"). Protestants originally rendered it as Yéhuǒhuá (爺火華, literally "(old) Gentleman of Fiery Magnificence," cf. English "Jehovah"). A modern Protestant usage is Yēhéhuá (耶和華, phonetic). Some versions translate this term as Shàngzhǔ (上主, literally "Above Lord"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized "LORD" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, & Lutherans particularly use Shàngzhǔ in prayers of the Eucharist.
[edit] Lord
The term Zhǔ (主,literally "Lord") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in list formal prayers, and always by contemporary Protestants.
Other less formal terms are used, for example, Tīanfù (天父, literally "Heavenly Father").
[edit] References
- Example - notice how Shen and Shangti (shangdi) alternatives are offered at the top of the page.
