Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
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For Standard Mandarin |
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Min Nan |
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The romanization of the Chinese language in Singapore is not dictated by a single policy, nor is its policy implementation consistent, as the local Chinese community is composed of a myriad of dialect groups. Although Hanyu Pinyin is adopted as the preferred romanization system for Mandarin, the general lack of a romanization standard for other Chinese spoken variants and their dialects results in some level of inconsistency. This can be seen clearly in the many variants for the same Chinese characters often found in surnames such as Low, Loh, Lo; Tay, Teh; Teo, Teoh; Yong, Yeong. This is in contrast with the system used in Hong Kong which results in more consistency.
[edit] Place names
Since the founding of modern Singapore in 1819 and with large numbers of migrants predominantly from Southern China, Chinese placenames began to enter local vocabulary in place of traditionally Malay-based names mostly given by the Orang Laut communities. These names, however, are usually referred to in the dialects of whichever group accords that place a certain name, with some places having entirely different names for the same feature. In most places, however, the same name is used, but referred to by an individual's dialect.
When there was a need to record place names by the British administration, therefore, Chinese place names were anglicised using an almost ad-hoc means of finding the closest set of letters reflecting local pronunciations of these names, a situation which often spawned conflicting spellings, some of which still persist to this day. The older spelling of Chua Chu Kang (蔡厝港; Pinyin: Càicuògǎng), a suburban area in western Singapore and taken after a village by the same name, is now more commonly spelt as Choa Chu Kang after the new town by the same name took its spelling from Choa Chu Kang Road, itself an anomaly as the village and the surrounding cemeteries were then spelt in the old way. Today, the village no longer exists, but the cemeteries continue to be referred to as Chua Chu Kang, while all placenames in Choa Chu Kang New Town take on the newer spelling.
From the mid-1980s, the drive to encourage the use of Pinyin filtered down to place names, resulting in some amendments. Aukang (also spelt "Aokang") is Teochew for 后港, but was romanized as Hougang when the Hougang New Town was built. Some changes met with popular opposition, particularly over the English spelling of Yishun (义顺), which has been well known as Nee Soon in Hokkien until the government tried to introduce pinyin when Yishun New Town appeared. The disagreements led to "Nee Soon" retaining its presence in Nee Soon Road, as well as some place names such as Nee Soon Camp and in the names of political subdivisions.
In contrast, pinyin was generally welcomed in Bishan (碧山), named after what was popularly known as "Peck San" in Cantonese. The popularity was not over the pinyin system itself, but over the fact that Peng San was well known for its association with the Peng San Cemetery, which has since been exhumed to build Bishan New Town. To the local Chinese, Bishan, although actually similar in name to Peck San in Chinese, is as good as a different name by virtue of its different romanization spelling alone.
Another controversy surrounded the re-naming of Tekka Market (derived from Hokkien Tek Kia Kha, literally meaning "foot of the small bamboos" [1]), then one of the largest wet markets in Singapore located at the junction of Serangoon and Bukit Timah Road. When the old market was torn down and rebuilt across the road, the new multi-use complex was named Zhujiao Centre, which is the pinyin version of that name. However, to locals, especially non-Chinese, the new word was both hard to read and pronounce and bore no resemblance to Tekka. Eventually, the complex was officially named Tekka Centre in 2000 after 2 decades of public pressure.
[edit] Person's names
A large majority of Chinese people in Singapore are Hokkien, and a lesser number Teochew. Hokkien and Teochew share many phonemes to the point that they are mutually intelligible. Thus the romanizations are similar and surnames such as Tan (陈), Chua (蔡), Koh (许), etc., are very common.
Compared with the Hong Kong system, the surnames for Cantonese people are usually romanized Leong (梁), Yeong (杨) instead of Leung or Yeung. While Malaysia has a similarly byzantine mix, it is sometimes possible to identify a Chinese person of Malaysian roots by their romanized surnames. For example, in Malaysia, Teoh (张) and Teh (郑) are more common than Teo and Tay.
There are also some people in Singapore who have romanized surnames which sound very different from their surnames in Chinese. Anecdotally, this is often due to clerical errors or poor romanization when births were registered in the early part of the 20th century.[citation needed]
