Chilean Revolution of 1829
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The Chilean Revolution of 1829 was an armed conflict between conservative and liberal forces in Chile over the constitutional regime in force. This conflict ended with the defeat of the liberal forces and the approval of a new constitution in 1833.
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[edit] Background
After the resignation of General Bernardo O'Higgins in 1823, the Chilean political scene divided itself into two groups that were already embrionary during the independence days. The followers of O'Higgins became the Wigs (Pelucones) or Conservatives. This group was mainly composed by the remains of the colonial aristocracy, and defended the ideas of a strong central government, respect of tradition and a strong support for the Catholic church. Their most prominent leaders where José Gregorio Argomedo, Juan Egaña and José Joaquín Prieto. Opposed to them were the Liberals or Pipiolos. This group was mainly composed of the followers of José Miguel Carrera, and were strongly influenced by the European liberal ideas. They defended a more free and democratic government, without interference from the Church. Their leaders were Ramón Freire, Manuel Borgoño and Francisco Antonio Pinto.
Together with this two political tendencies, which in time developed into the two main political parties of the XIX century, there were also some minority groups. One of them was the Federalist Party under the leadership of José Miguel Infante, who promoted a model of government based on the one adopted by the United States. Another group was the Estanqueros or Monopolists (estanco means monopoly), a very heterogeneous political group under the leadership of Diego Portales. The name came out of the fact that most of them were merchants, and their leader, Portales, was in charge of the tobacco monopoly. Their principal figures were Juan Francisco Meneses (ex-monarchist); Manuel José Gandarillas (Carrera supporter) and José Antonio Rodríguez Aldea (O'Higgins supporter).
[edit] Constitutional essays
Between 1823 and 1828 is the time called of the "constitutional essays". The first of the three essays is the moralist (1823) of Juan Egaña, which created a unitary state, democratic and catholic. The executive power was in the hands of a Supreme Director, elected for four years and to be reelected only once. This system was no sooner in place when it came under attack from the proponents of a federalist system.
In their impatience, the federalist leaders forced Congress to adopt some laws giving federal rights to the provinces. In 1825, José Manuel Infante was President of the Directorial Council that was in charge of the administration while Supreme Director Freire was away capturing Chiloé from the Royalist forces. Using their position, the council created the eight Provincial Asemblies that would become the basis for the federal system. The eight provices were: Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, Maule, Concepción, Valdivia and Chiloé. The second essay thus was the federalist written by Infante in 1826, thought it was never formally adopted.
[edit] Election of 1826
On July 14, 1826 Congress passed a law calling for a new election. The Supreme Director was to be substituted by a President. The first elected President was Manuel Blanco Encalada, with a 59,45% (22 electoral votes), defeating José Miguel Infante who only obtained a 40,54% (15 electoral votes). For the position of vice president Agustín Eyzaguirre, with a 57,14% (20 electoral votes), defeated Francisco Antonio Pinto who only got 40,54% (15 electoral votes) The system very quickly proved to be a failure. Blanco Encalada resigned, and was replaced by Eyzaguirre in 1827. He in turn was deposed by colonel Enrique Campino Salamanca, who called back general Ramón Freire.
[edit] Constitution of 1828
The first (and almost only) measure of the new government was to call for a constitutional convention. Congress confirmed the return of General Freire and proceded to dissolve itself. Inmediately after, Freire resigned on his vice-president Francisco Antonio Pinto.
The new constitution was finalized in 1828 by José Joaquín de Mora together with Melchor Santiago Concha. This became the liberal essay. The government became a unitary system, but maintained the eight Provicial Assemblies created by the federalist essay. The executive was in the hands of a President, elected for five years with no releection.
[edit] Election of 1829
At the end, it was not a military incident which caused the revolution, but a mere political disagreement that led to anarchy. A new presidential election was called in 1829. The clear winner (out of 9 candidates) was General Francisco Antonio Pinto, liberal and already Provisional President since the resignation of Freire in 1827, with 118 electoral votes (29,06%.) The problem happened in the vice presidential election. The winner should have been the first runner-up, Francisco Ruiz-Tagle (98 electoral votes or 24,13%), or the second runner-up, General José Joaquín Prieto, (61 votes or 15,02%), both conservatives. Nonetheless, Congress was controlled by the liberals and presided by Francisco Ramón Vicuña, also liberal. Arguing that no vice-presidential candidate had a majority, they selected Joaquín Vicuña, brother of the president of the senate, even though he only got 48 electoral votes (11,82%). That was the excuse for the conservatives to rebel.
[edit] Revolution of 1829
The conservative side was under the military leadership of General José Joaquín Prieto and the political guidance of Diego Portales, while the liberal side was under the command of Ramón Freire and Francisco de la Lastra. Presidente Pinto promptly resigned on July 14, not on the elected vice president but on his brother, the president of the senate Francisco Ramón Vicuña.
On December 7, 1829 the conservative troops under General Prieto approached Santiago from the South. The conservative army decided to halt the march for a while and camped a few miles outside the city. The government under President Vicuña inmediately collapsed and they fled first to Valparaíso and then northward to Coquimbo. On December 14, 1829, General Prieto and his troops met the liberal army under Francisco de la Lastra and defeated them at the Battle of Ochagavía. Meanwhile, President Vicuña and his ministers where captured and imprisoned by the victorious conservative troops.
Chile was without a leader for a few weeks (from December 7 to 24, 1829). After the Battle of Ochagavía, General Freire agreed to a cease-fire with Prieto. A governmental junta was organized and took control, in order to avoid the continuance of hostilities, under a neutral José Tomás Ovalle who was acceptable to both sides. This junta ruled the country from December 24, 1829 to February 18, 1830. Power was retained by Ramón Freire who organized a liberal convention with the intention of calling for new general elections and the formation of a new Congress. At the same time, the conservatives who were in control of Santiago also called for their own convention, where an agreement was reached which nominated Francisco Ruiz-Tagle as acting president.
Inmediately that Ruiz-Tagle took over as president, the principal leaders of the liberal side (Borgoño, de la Lastra and Las Heras) were eliminated from the army roosters. This guaranteed the restart of the hostilities. President Ruiz-Tagle and all the cabinet resigned on April 1, and José Tomás Ovalle, as vice president assumed power. The last engagement happened at the Battle of Lircay, near Talca, in April 1830. The liberals were totally defeated, and their leader, General Ramón Freire, was exiled first to Peru and then to Tahiti. Later in life he was allowed to return, but he never participated in politics again.
Due to the chaotic situation nobody wanted to participate in the government, so President Ovalle named Diego Portales as his universal minister. Portales took over the running of the government bringing with him the political ideas that were to shape Chile for the rest of the century. After the defeat at Lircay, the liberal side finally decided to negotiate and signed the Treaty of Cuz-Cuz, that brought an end to the anarchy and their political dominance and ushered 30 years of conservative governments.
[edit] See also
- Ramón Freire
- José Joaquín Prieto
- Francisco Ramón Vicuña
- Francisco Ruiz-Tagle
- José Tomás Ovalle
- Diego Portales
[edit] Sources
- Sergio Villalobos, Osvaldo Silva, Fernando Silva y Patricio Estelle; "Historia de Chile, Tomo 3", Editorial Universitaria, Ed. 1995
