Chen Yuanguang
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Chen Yuanguang (Feb 657 - 711 Traditional Chinese: 陳元光; Simplified Chinese: 陈元光; pinyin: Chén Yuánguāng, courtesy name: Chinese: 廷炬; pinyin: Tíngjù, pseudonym: Traditional Chinese: 龍湖; Simplified Chinese: 龙湖; pinyin: Lónghú) was from Gushi County in Henan, China. The people of Zhangzhou in Fujian, along with the descendants of immigrants from Zhangzhou to Taiwan, all refer to him as the "Sacred Prince, Developer of Zhangzhou" (Traditional Chinese: 開漳聖王; Simplified Chinese: 开漳圣王; pinyin: Kāizhāngshèngwáng).
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[edit] Joining the army
At the age of 13, he accompanied his father Chen Zheng (Traditional Chinese: 陳政; Simplified Chinese: 陈政; pinyin: Chén Zhèng), commander of the Southern China military expeditionary force[1], on a march to Fujian, for the purpose of setting up a regional administration. In April of the second year of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang (677), Chen Zheng died in the line of duty, Chen Yuanguang took over his father's duties, and led the troops in place of his father. At this time, the emperor granted him the title "General of the left guard, and jade bell defender of the county seat"[2]. He then proceeded to quell uprisings by local ruffians such as Chen Qian (Traditional Chinese: 陳謙; Simplified Chinese: 陈谦; pinyin: Chén Qiān) of Guangdong, as well as Miao Zicheng (Chinese: 苗自成; pinyin: Miáo Zìchéng) and Lei Wanxing (Traditional Chinese: 雷萬興; Simplified Chinese: 雷万兴; pinyin: Léi Wànxīng), both of whom were leaders of a bandit gang named the "savage colleagues" [3]. As a result, the southern Fujian region was pacified, and Chen Yuanguang was promoted to the rank of senior magistrate of upright character[4], and granted the title of commander of the Southern China military expeditionary force.
[edit] Settling Zhangzhou
The Zhangzhou of Chen Yuanguang's time was a place where dozens of various ethic tribes were mixed together with ethnic Han peoples. Chen Yuanguang believed that courtesy trumped the use of military force as a tactic for winning over the local people. In order to strengthen his authority, he submitted an application to the emperor to grant prefecture status to the areas between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. In the second year of the Emperor Ruizong of Tang (686), Wu Zetian approved the application, and issued a decree which granted permission for the creation of the state of Zhangzhou. Zhangzhou was to have jurisdiction over Zhangpu and Huaien Counties. Wu Zetian also ordered that Chen Yuanguang be given the position of chief magistrate of Zhangzhou[5], as well as commissioner of Zhangpu County[6].
[edit] Pacifying Fujian
After this, Chen Yuanguang established order among the various hamlets, built fortresses, trained troops, and pacified the border areas. As a result, the entire area, from Quanzhou in the north to Chaozhou in the south, and from Ganzhou in the west to the islands in the Taiwan straights, became stable and prosperous. He then introduced advanced farming and production techniques to the area, and oversaw the planting of economically sound crops such as rice, flax, sugarcane, bananas, litchis, longan and flowers.
On November 5, in the second year of the second reign of the Emperor Ruizong of Tang (711), the children of Miao Zicheng and Lei Wanxing staged a rebellion in Chaozhou, then hid in the high mountains. After Chen Yuanguang heard the news, he led a troop of light cavalry to defend against the rebels. He fought the whole day long, but was killed by the sword of the enemy general, whose name was Lan Fenggao (Traditional Chinese: 藍奉高; Simplified Chinese: 蓝奉高; pinyin: Lán Fènggāo). The people of Zhangzhou were devastated. To them, it was as if a parent had died. Chen Yuanguang was buried at Daqiyuan[7]. Later on, his remains were moved to Zhangzhou.
[edit] Respect and admiration from his descendants
Chen Yuanguang's efforts at developing the regions near Zhangzhou and Chaozhou, received praise from numerous succeeding emperors. In the first year of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712), the emperor granted Chen Yuanguang the title of "the great general, and defender of the leopard scabbard"[8]. He also gave him the title of "Marquis of Zhangzhou, the serene, loyal, resolute, and beneficent"[9]. Later he also gave him the title "Marquis of the Ying River"[10], and ordered a great shrine built in his honor. The Emperor Huizong of Song donated a horizontal inscription which read, "Temple of Awesome Kindness" (Traditional Chinese: 威惠廟; Simplified Chinese: 威惠庙; pinyin: wēi huì miào). The Emperor Xiaozong of Song granted Chen Yuanguang the title "Defender Prince of Guangdong and brilliant spirit who accommodates brightness and ferocity"[11]. In the Ming Dynasty, his title was again changed, this time to "Marquis of brightness and ferocity"[12]. The people of the Zhangzhou region call him the "Sacred Prince, Developer of Zhangzhou." Temples dedicated to him have proliferated in Fujian, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. There are more than 100 "Sacred Prince Temples" (Traditional Chinese: 聖王廟; Simplified Chinese: 圣王庙; pinyin: shèng wáng miào) in Zhangpu County alone. There are also more than 100 temples dedicated to Chen Yuanguang in Taiwan. Many people still burn incense at temples dedicated to him. In recent years, the Zhangzhou municipal government commemorated Chen Yuanguang by naming one of its main city streets Yuanguang North Road.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 嶺南行軍總管; Simplified Chinese: 岭南行军总管; pinyin: lǐng nán xíngjūn zǒngguǎn
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 玉鈴衛翊府左郎將; Simplified Chinese: 玉铃卫翊府左郎将; pinyin: yù líng wèi yì fǔ zuǒ láng jiàng
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 蠻僚; Simplified Chinese: 蛮僚; pinyin: mán liáo
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 正議大夫; Simplified Chinese: 正议大夫; pinyin: zhèng yì dàifū
- ^ Chinese: 漳州刺史; pinyin: Zhāngzhōu cìshǐ
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 漳浦縣令; Simplified Chinese: 漳浦县令; pinyin: Zhāngpǔxiàn lìng
- ^ Chinese: 大崎原; pinyin: Dàqíyuán) near the Suian River (Traditional Chinese: 綏安溪; Simplified Chinese: 绥安溪; pinyin: Suíānxī) (present day Zhangpu Pantuo Daqi Bay, Traditional Chinese: 漳浦盤陀大崎灣; Simplified Chinese: 漳浦盘陀大崎湾; pinyin: Zhāngpǔ Pántuó Dàqí wān)
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 豹韜衛大將軍; Simplified Chinese: 豹韬卫大将军; pinyin: bào tāo wèi dàjiāngjūn
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 漳侯，謐忠毅文惠; Simplified Chinese: 漳侯，谧忠毅文惠; pinyin: Zhāng Hóu, mì zhōng yì wén huì
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 潁川侯; Simplified Chinese: 颍川侯; pinyin: Yĭngchuān hóu
- ^ Traditional Chinese: 靈著順應昭烈廣濟王; Simplified Chinese: 灵着顺应昭烈广济王; pinyin: líng zhù shùnyìng zhāo liè guǎng jì wáng
- ^ Chinese: 昭烈侯; pinyin: zhāo liè hóu
