Chalcatzingo
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Chalcatzingo was an Formative Period center in the Valley of Morelos which featured Olmec-like monumental art. Located in the southern portion of the Central Highlands of Mexico, the Valley contained occupations over a long time span. Chalcatzingo is estimated to have been settled as early as 1500 BCE. The inhabitants began to produce and display Olmec-style art and architecture around 900 BCE.[1] At its height between 700 BCE and 500 BCE, Chalcatzingo had a population of 500 to 1,000. By 500 BCE it had gone into decline.
The Chalcatzingo center covers roughly 100 acres. At , it was well placed, connecting trade routes between Guerrero, the Valley of Mexico, Oaxaca, and the Gulf Lowlands. It was situated in a fertile plain, at the base of two tall hills, Cerro Delgado and Cerro Chalcatzingo, this latter mountain long considered a sacred site.[2] A spring at their base would have provided the necessary water for the population.
The climate in Morelos is generally warmer and more humid than the rest of the Highlands.
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[edit] Monuments and Carvings
Chalcatzingo provides unique and interesting examples of Olmec-style art and architecture.
The village contained a central plaza area, designated Terrace 1, and elite residences were located uphill from there. Terrace 25 is composed of a sunken patio of a style seen at Teopantecuanitlan. In the center of this sunken patio is a tabletop altar reminiscent of those at La Venta and San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, both lowland Olmec centers.
Structure 4 is Chalcatzingo’s largest structure, an almost square platform at 70 meters to a side. Burials of high-status individuals were excavated here, with jade ornaments and an iron ore mirror. Most of the village's burials were located under the floors of houses, and individuals representing the whole variety of social statuses were buried this way.
Most of Chalcatzingo’s 31 known monuments occur in three distinct grouping: two on Cerro Chalcatzingo and the third on the terraces within the actual settlement.
Some of Chalcatzingo’s most famous and intriguing art specimens are actually bas-relief carvings on the nearby cliff faces. Drawings of these carvings have been made, but molds were taken of many of them before any drawings were taken. The process of making those molds tended to destroy fine lines and actually tore small portions of the stone out.
[edit] Monument 1 (El Rey) and the "Water Dancing Group"
The first group of reliefs lies high on the hillside of Cerro Chalcatzingo. Their apparent common theme of rain and fertility has led Kent Reilly to name this the Water Dancing Group.[3]
This group is dominated by the best known carving from Chalcatzingo: Monument 1, also known as "El Rey" (The King). "El Rey" is a life-size carving of a human-like figure seated inside a cave with a wide opening. The point of view is from the side, and the entire cave appears cross-sectional, with the cave entrance is seen to the right of the figure. The cave entrance is as tall as the figure, and scroll volutes (stylized scrolls indicating speech) are issuing from it. The cave in which the figure sits is equipped with an eye, and its general shape could suggest that of a mouth.
Above the cave are a number of stylized objects which have been interpreted as rain clouds, with exclamation-like objects ("!") appearing to fall from them. These have been generally interpreted as raindrops.[4]
The seated figure, "El Rey", is dressed ornately. He or she is seated on an elaborate scroll holding another scroll. Since this carving is situated above a major natural drainage channel that once supplied water to Chalcatzingo, the scene has been interpreted as a a leader using his power to bring water to the region. However, "El Rey" has also variously been identified as a rain deity,[5] the "God of the Mountain" - a forerunner of the Aztec's Tepeyollotl,[6] or as the jaguar god who inhabits the caves.
In addition to "El Rey", the Water Dancing Group includes five smaller bas-reliefs, all depicting various saurian-like creatures sitting atop scrolls[7] underneath exclamation-like objects (again most likely raindrops) falling from what appear to be clouds. These five bas-reliefs -- Monuments 5/6, 8, 11, 14, and 15 -- stretch eastward from Monument 1, separated from it by Cerro Chalcatzingo’s primary natural water channel. These bas-reliefs can only be viewed sequentially, which leads some researchers to suggest that they are likely a pictorial or processional sequence.[8]
[edit] The second group
The second group also consists of bas-reliefs, but they have been carved upon the loose stone slabs and boulders at the foot of the mountain rather than on the mountainside. They are larger than those of the Water Dancing group (all but "El Rey") and the carvings primarily depict fantastic creatures dominating outlined human figures:
- Monument 5 depicts a reptilian creature, perhaps the archetypical Mesoamerican feathered serpent, devouring (or, less likely, disgorging) a human. The creature has an elongated snout with large fangs, and triangular markings towards its tail as well as what appear to be fins or wings.
- Monument 4 depicts two humans being attacked by two felines. The human figures are under and slightly in front of the felines, indicating that they may have been fleeing. The felines have their fangs bared and claws extended towards the figures. The felines appear to be wearing various bits of ornamentation, while their eyes show the St Andrew's Cross ("X") motif, suggesting these might be jaguar gods or that these jaguars are affiliated with the sun god.[citation needed]
- Monument 3 depicts a recumbent feline next to a cactuslike plant, with a possible subordinate human figure in a damaged area of the carving.
- Monument 31 depicts a recumbent feline atop a human, perhaps attacking him, although this carving does not possess the sense of motion shown in Monument 4. Three raindrops, like those in El Rey, can be seen falling from above. Interpretations of this scene range from the the idea that raindrops falling on the jaguar comprise a fertility metaphor to themes of bloodletting and sacrifice.
Acccording to Grove, these four reliefs likely illustrate "a sequence of mythical events important in the cosmogony of the peoples of Chalcatzingo".[9]
- Monument 2, at the west end of the series, shows four humans. Three of them are standing while the fourth, on the right, is seated upon the ground, inertly slumped backwards, perhaps bound. All are masked, although the fourth has his mask on the back of his head. The three standing figures are brandishing spears or pikes. The headdress worn by one of the standing figures echoes the motifs adorning the head of one of Monument 4’s felines, suggesting that this scene is related to the events depicted in the others in the sequence.
While these first five occur in a processional arrangement, a sixth carving of this group, labelled Monument 13, is considerably downhill. It depicts a supernatural anthropomorphic being with the cleft head often found in Olmec iconography. Like "El Rey", it is seated within the quatrefoil mouth of what is likely a supernatural creature.
[edit] Other Carvings
Monument 9 is a sculpture that may represent the cave in Monument 1 from a head-on point of view. The sculpture is flat and contains a large hole in the middle that would correspond to the shape of the cave entrance. Above that hole are two eyes, similar to the eye in Monument 1.
Chalcatzingo contains what may be the earliest representation of a woman in Mesoamerican monumental art on Monument 21. The monument is a stela, and depicts a woman dressed in sandals, a skirt, and a head covering. She is holding a bundle tied with bands. This image possibly represents a woman with her marriage dowry.
[edit] Chalcatzingo’s Decline
Like other Olmec culture centers, Chalcatzingo fell into decline and was eventually abandoned. This decline was complete by about 500 BCE, 400 years after San Lorenzo, and 100 years before La Venta. Chalcatzingo’s decline coincided with the development of widespread settlement clusters throughout the Morelos region, consisting mainly of small farming villages. Over 1000 years after Chalcatzingo’s abandonment, the Late Classic settlement Xochicalco reached its peak in Morelos between 700 CE – 900 CE.
[edit] References
- Aguilar, Manuel, Monument 1: Relief of "El Rey" (The King), access 2006.
- Diehl, Richard A. (2004) The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Thames & Hudson, London.
- Evans, Susan Toby (2004) "Ancient Mexico & Central America." Thames and Hudson, London.
- Gay, Carlo T. E., Chalcacingo, (Graz, Austria; Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.), 1971.
- Grove, D. C., "Public Monuments and Sacred Mountains: Observations on Three Formative Period Sacred Landscapes", in Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, Dumbarton Oaks, 1999, p 255.
- Reilly, F. Kent, (1991), ""Olmec iconographic influence on the Symbols of Maya rulership: An Examination of Possible Sources" , in Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986 edited by Merle Greene Robertson and Virginia M. Fields .
- Reilly, F. Kent, (1996), ""The Lazy-S: A Formative Period Iconographic Loan to Maya Hieroglyphic Writing", in Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993 edited by Martha J. Macri and Jan McHargue.
- "Studies in Olmec Archaeology" in Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility Number 3, August 1967.
