Censorship in the Republic of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article appears to contradict itself. Please see the discussion on the talk page. |
| Part of the series on |
| Censorship |
|---|
|
|
| By region |
|
Australia |
| By media |
|
Advertisements |
| Other |
|
Self-censorship |
Although the Republic of Ireland does not currently exercise much censorship in practice, the state has wide-ranging laws which allow censorship, and has specific laws covering films, advertisements, newspapers and magazines, as well as terrorism and pornography. In the past, books and anything to do with abortion, sexuality and homosexuality could also be banned. However, there is no legislation to ban or edit music or computer games.
Contents |
[edit] Current censorship
[edit] Film censorship
In the past, Ireland's Film Censors Office heavily cut films, and also videos for rental release; or placed extremely high age ratings on them. However, since the release of Michael Collins in 1996, which was rated PG for historical reasons, despite its depictions of extreme violence, the censors office has reduced age ratings in general and rarely cuts movies. For example, the controversial 2004 film 9 Songs was released uncut with an 18s certificate. Ratings usually match those of the UK, or are one level higher (Although there are rare exceptions where they attract a lower age rating such as The Passion of the Christ)
Six movie rating categories exist, although a movie may have been re-rated by the time of its video/DVD release.
- G, into which anyone is allowed
- PG, into which anyone is allowed but parental consent is advised, and is down to the discretion of the cinema or video library
- 12A, a cinema-only cert, which those over the age of 12 or those with parental consent may watch. Was formerly called 12PG, does not exist for video releases
- 15A, a cinema-only cert, into which those over the age of 15 or those with parental consent may enter. Was formerly called 15PG.
- 16, a cinema-only rating for content which imposes less restriction on violent content, sexual content, and drug usage. Very few films receive this rating, and those that do generally are either cut or uprated to 18 on video release.
- 18, into which only those over the age of 18 may enter
Three separate categories exist for video releases:
- 12RA, which cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 12, and which has a suggestion for a "Responsible Adult" to be present if a younger person watches the film
- 12, which cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 12
- 15, which cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 15
The G, PG and 18 certifications have the same principles on video, but some 18's movies may be denied a video release certificate.
However, many movies have been banned in Ireland in the past, including Life Of Brian, Disney's Fantasia and A Clockwork Orange. A review in 2000 has meant that many of these have since been un-banned and rated anywhere from PG to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either theatre or video release, but some bans are still in place.
The Film Censors Office's official figures state that 2,500 films received theatrical performance bans, and over 11,000 films were cut, mainly pre-1965. [1]
The most notable recent ban was that of Boy Eats Girl in 2005, a movie starring Irish actress Samantha Mumba, due its graphic depiction of a suicide attempt. Following an appeal, it was allowed pass uncut to a 15A rating, far from the highest possible.
Films which are banned and do not have an appeal lodged, or which fail on appeal, have an enforcement noticed published in Iris Oifigiúil, the state's journal. The most recent enforcement notice, as of 2005, appeared in the September 20, 2005 journal, and was the first of the year. Revocation notices are also published in the journal, for when a movie has been allowed.
Prior to the Video Recordings Act 1989 many films which were banned in the cinema were freely available on video tape to anyone in Ireland regardless of age.
The restrictions on "film clubs" are far lighter than those applied to commercial cinemas. At one time this gave rise to an interesting legal anomaly where the 35 mm prints of a particular film would to be required to have any "cuts" mandated by the film censors office whereas the 16 mm prints weren't on the erronious belief that all 16mm prints were destined for private film clubs. In practice some commercial cinemas in smaller towns as well as "travelling cinemas" (often showing films in village halls owned by the Catholic church) were only equipped to show the 16mm prints. The closure of virtually all of these smaller cinemas (owing to the rising popularity of television and video) has meant that nowadays the only places showing these 16mm prints are bone fide film clubs.
[edit] Advertisements
Advertisements are regulated by the Advertising Standards Authority for Ireland, and must be truthful and factually accurate. In addition, adverts for illegal services are not allowed. The ASAI is a voluntary industry body which has no statuatory powers and has no power to remove a publication from circulation. This power is vested in the Censorship of Publications Board. Given the status of the ASAI some advertisers choose to continually ignore its rulings by running controversial advertisements purely to draw attention to their products and services.
[edit] Newspapers and magazines
Whilst still theoretically censorable, newspapers and magazines are free to publish anything which does not break Ireland's tough libel laws. The Censorship of Publications Board reviews newspapers and magazines referred to it by the Customs and Excise and by members of the public. At one time a large number of (mainly foreign) newspaper and magazines were banned in Ireland Including Playboy and the News of the world.[citation needed]
[edit] Pornography
Hardcore pornography, while legal in Ireland, is not allowed to depict any acts which are illegal in the state. This also covers any participants being beneath the Irish age of consent. If any of these are in a video, DVD, film, photograph or website, use and possession of them is illegal.
[edit] Censorship of books
Until the 1970s, it was commonplace for books to be banned for containing violence, sex, cursing, references to birth control, and so on. This has since ceased, and virtually all books banned have been unbanned. In the past, many books of undoubted literary merit, as well as serious books on reproductive issues and sexual health, were banned. Contrary to popular belief, James Joyce's 'Ulysses' was never banned in Ireland. At one point there were over 1500 books banned in Ireland.[citation needed]
Madonna's controversial book Sex was banned several weeks after its release in 1992 but unbanned in 2004.
Books containing references to terrorism or which could be considered slander under Irish law can still be banned - you will not be punished for owning or importing them, but their sale is prohibited. This covers books such as The Committee: Political Assassination in Northern Ireland, which has even been pulled from Amazon.com due to its content. However, importing this book and its sale second-hand are legal.
There are instances of books which were at one time banned in Ireland subsequently not only having the ban overturned but the books in question becoming required reading on the Leaving Certificate syllabus.
[edit] Formerly censored topics
[edit] Abortion and birth control
Until the early 1990s, promotion of abortion in any way, including providing impartial information, was disallowed, and any publications providing information on it would be confiscated. Copies of Marie Claire and Cosmopolitan women's magazines sold in the Republic were specially printed with blank pages instead of advertisements for abortion clinics. In the 1980s, the Irish Family Planning Association and the Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin students' unions were successfully sued by the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children for publishing telephone numbers for abortion clinics in the United Kingdom. On one occasion British Newspaper The Guardian was withdrawn by its Irish distributors for a day to preempt a threatened ban due to the inclusion of an advertisement for a UK abortion clinic in that day's issue (despite the advert having appeared on a number of prior occasions without incident).
In May 1992, the Democratic Left T.D. Proinsias De Rossa subverted this ban by reading the offending telephone numbers into the Dáil record, using his absolute privilege as a member of the Oireachtas to avoid a lawsuit.[1]
In the wake of the X Case, the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of Ireland removed this prohibition in November 1992.
[edit] Homosexuality
Prior to the legalisation of homosexuality in Ireland (which is widely attributed to David Norris, a Senator, prosecuting the state on the grounds that the legislation was incompatible with EU legislation), the media was not allowed promote it in a positive light (although this prohibition was often ignored particularly by publications such as Hot Press and In Dublin). This has since been removed, and discriminating against homosexuality is now illegal.
[edit] The Troubles
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland censorship was used to prevent Sinn Féin and IRA members from having access to the media. Under Section 31 of the Broadcasting Act, it was forbidden to broadcast the voice of Sinn Féin members. This rule was brought in by Fianna Fáil Minister for Posts & Telegraphs Gerry Collins in 1971 and strengthened by Labour's Conor Cruise O'Brien in 1977. The United Kingdom had a similar rule at the same time, although British broadcasters subverted this censorship by dubbing Sinn Féin speeches and interviews, with an actor's voice repeating the speech word-for-word. Irish broadcasters adhered much more strictly to the rule, and RTÉ refused to dub speeches and even refused to broadcast Sinn Féin members when they were talking about matters completely unrelated to the Northern Troubles. For example, Sinn Féin member Larry O'Toole was not permitted to appear on RTÉ to talk about a trade union dispute he was involved in. Instead, clips of the speaker talking were shown, along with a brief summary of what was being said. The High Court later found that this exclusion was not justified under Section 31.
The Section 31 broadcasting ban was lifted in 1993 by Minister for Arts, Culture & the Gaeltacht Michael D. Higgins as part of the peace process.
[edit] Unusual oversights
[edit] Music
Music videos are exempt from film classification, whereas in the UK, they must be classified. Broadcasters usually use their discretion and obey the UK classifications and showing time restrictions. Ireland receives all of the UK music channels, which are subject to UK music video laws; with the only Irish regulated broadcaster regularly showing music videos being Channel 6 or City Channel. However for several years TV3 Ireland ran a late-night music programme, which quite often showed uncensored music videos containing large amounts of nudity.
References to records or songs being "banned" in Ireland refer one or more radio stations refusing to play the songs rather than any legislative ban although prior to 1989 it may have been a moot point given the only legal broadcasting stations in Ireland were those operated by state broadcaster RTÉ. In the 1930's there was even a short-lived airplay ban on an entire genre of music known as the "ban on Jazz" (With a ludicrously wide definition of what constituted "jazz"). Such bans only served to further increase listenership to foreign radio stations (such as Radio Luxembourg and the BBC) in Ireland, and lead to the growth of Irish pirate radio.
[edit] Computer games
Unlike most other countries, the Film Censors have no right to censor any form of video games. This led to an unusual situation where in the 1990s, UK owned game sales multiples sold the sanitised versions of Carmageddon, whilst Irish owned stores sold the uncut versions imported from the United States. Games may only be banned if they contain content which could be classed as pornography.
Ireland is a member of PEGI, but places no legal powers on its age recommendations. Retailers may attempt to enforce them at their discretion, but in the case of a protest they must sell the product to the customer.
[edit] Censorship landmarks
[edit] Development of Irish statutes
- The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was an act "to provide for the official censoring of cinematographic pictures and for other matters connected therewith". It established the office of the Official Censor of Films and a Censorship of Films Appeal Board. It was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925, in connection with advertisements for films. It was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930 to extend the legislation to "vocal or other sounds" accompanying pictures.
- The Committee on Evil Literature was appointed in 1926 to report on the effectiveness of the censorship laws. It concluded that the then-current censorship laws were inadequate, and that the government had a duty to ban "morally corrupting" literature.
- The Censorship of Publications Act, 1929 was an act "to make provision for the prohibition of the sale and distribution of unwholesome literature and for that purpose to provide for the establishment of a censorship of books and periodical publications, and to restrict the publication of reports of certain classes of judicial proceedings and for other purposes incidental to the matters aforesaid". It established the Censorship of Publications Board. A book caught by the act was one that "in its general tendency indecent or obscene ... or ... advocates the unnatural prevention of conception or the procurement of abortion or miscarriage or the use of any method, treatment or appliance for the purpose of such prevention or such miscarriage".
- The Emergency Powers Act, 1939 dealt with the preservation of the State in time of war and contained provisions relating to the censorship of communications and of newspapers and periodicals.
- On 18 November 1942 Senator Sir John Keane moved in the Irish Senate (Seanad Éireann): "That, in the opinion of Seanad Éireann, the Censorship of Publications Board appointed by the Minister for Justice under the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929, has ceased to retain public confidence, and that steps should be taken by the Minister to reconstitute the board.". After four days of debate, the motion was roundly defeated: Tá (for) 2 votes - Sir John Keane and Joseph Johnston - Nil (against) 34 votes.
- The Censorship of Publications Act, 1946 repealed a large part of the 1929 act and was "to make further and better provision for the censorship of books and periodical publications". Periodicals caught by the act included issues that "have devoted an unduly large proportion of space to the publication of matter relating to crime".
- The Censorship of Publications Act, 1967 provided for prohibition orders made on the grounds of indecency or obscenity to expire after a period of twelve years. A further prohibition order could then be made by the Censorship of Publications Board in respect of the same book.
- The Health (Family Planning) Act, 1979 deleted references to "the unnatural prevention of conception" in the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929 and the Censorship of Publications Act, 1946.
- The Regulation of Information (Services Outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies) Act, 1995 modified the effect of the Censorship of Publications Acts, 1929 to 1967 in respect of certain information likely to be required by a woman to avail herself of "services provided outside the State for the termination of pregnancies". However, the information in question must not advocate or promote the termination of pregnancy.
[edit] In Dublin magazine
In the 1980s and 1990s, an indigenous Irish equivalent of the internationally available TimeOut magazine called In Dublin existed. The magazine was renowned for its advertisements for Massage Parlours and Bathhouses. When it was finally proven in 1999 that the advertisements were for prostitution services, the magazine was forcibly withdrawn from circulation for six months and ceased to exist. Although a short lived replacement called "Dublin" appeared which was a remarkably similar in every respect (i.e. cover design was almost identical, it was published by the same company and employed the same editorial and journalistic staff).
The trademark has since changed hands and the current InDublin magazine does not advertise the type of institution that could possibly be a brothel.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The reading of the telephone numbers took place during an adjournment debate on 21 May 1992 on the "Non-Distribution of Newspaper". For the Official Report of the debate, see Dáil Éireann - Volume 420 - 21 May, 1992. At column 159 of the report, Deputy De Rossa read the text of an advertisement in the The Guardian.
[edit] External links
- Irish Film Censors Office website
- Irish statutes referring to 'censorship'
- Censorship in Ireland - from the International Freedom of Expression Exchange
- Censorship of publications in Ireland — from the official Irish government information website
- List of prohibited publications in Ireland between 1993 and 2003 — PDF document from the Irish Department of Justice
- Tales out of school — Irish author John McGahern's experience with the Irish censorship system
- Sunday Times article on Irish Censor's office
