Cavolinioidea

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iCavolinioidea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Orthogastropoda
Superorder: Heterobranchia
Order: Opisthobranchia
Suborder: Thecosomata
Superfamily: Cavolinioidea
Families

The superfamily Cavolinioidea (Gray, 1850) belongs to the sea butterflies. This superfamily has the greatest number of sea butterflies. In 2003, the family Cavoliniidae was raised to the rank of superfamily Cavolinioidea. At the same time, the subfamilies were given the new status of families : Cavoliniidae, Clioidae, Creseidae and Cuvierinidae (Cainozoic Research, 2(1-2): 163-170, 2003). In 2005 a new family Praecuvierinidae was created on evolutionary grounds.

Contents

[edit] Description

Species in this superfamily have a calcareous, bilaterally symmetrical conical or globular shell with a completely different form than those in the family Limacinidae. This shell is twisted in a flat manner or slightly curved. In the anterior part, two parapodia, winglike flat lobules, appear between each half of the shell. They enable these sea butterflies to float along in the water currents, through slowly flapping movements. These wings are covered with cilia, which produce a minute water current that pushes the planktonic food to the mouth.

[edit] Habitat

Cavoliniids prefer deep waters, from 100 m up to 2,000 m. They are circumglobal, carried by the sea currents to all the seas of the world, but they prefer warm oceanic water.

[edit] Reproduction

Cavoliniids have a strange sexual life. They develop from males as juveniles into hermaphrodites and then later convert into females. More than one male stage can occur. Such a bizarre, but no so uncommon, phenomenon is called protandry. This is a common practice among many species of fish that may start as females, others species may start as males. Identification of juveniles is difficult as the juvenile shells differ greatly from adults.

[edit] Family Cavoliniidae

Genus Cavolinia Abildgaard, 1791

A very distinctive shape of shell with a marked bulge on the ventral plate. The species are protandric hermaphrodites.

  • Cavolinia angulosa
  • Cavolinia couthouyi (Dall, 1908
  • Cavolinia gibbosa (d'Orbigny, 1836) -- Gibbose Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, US Atlantic Coast, Bermuda, Cuba, Atlantic
    • Length : 10 mm
  • Cavolinia globulosa J.E.Gray, 1850
    • Distribution : tropical Atlantic, Madagascar.
    • Length : 8 mm long and 4.5 mm wide
    • Description : The globose, transparent shell with a brownish colour. The anterior section of the shell is rounded. The anterior section of the ventral side has strong transverse ribs.
  • Cavolinia inflata
  • Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813) -- Inflexed Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Red Sea, Bermuda, Cuba, Brazil.
    • Length : 7 mm
    • Subspecies :
  • Cavolinia longirostratus (de Blainville, 1821)
  • Cavolinia occidentalis
  • Cavolinia quadridentata
  • Cavolinia telemus Linnaeus, 1767
  • Cavolinia tridentata (Niebuhr, 1775) -- Three-tooth Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Gulf of Mexico, Mascarene Islands, Western Atlantic, South Africa, Red Sea
    • Length : 20 mm
    • Description ; globose transparent shell, with pointed proto-conch and three distinctive posterior projections; two lateral mantle appendages; brownish color
  • Cavolinia trispinosa
  • Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) -- Uncinate Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico
      • Cavolinia uncinata uncinata Rang, 1829
      • Cavolinia uncinata pulsatapusilla Van der Spoel, 1993

Genus Diacavolinia van der Spoel, 1987

Twenty two species of Diacavolinia. Diacavolinia species are characterised by the absence of a caudal spine

  • Diacavolina angulosa J.E. Gray, 1850
    • Distribution : Indo-Pacific, Atlantic.
    • Length : 4 mm
  • Diacavolinia bicornis van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Indo-Pacific, Atlatic Ocean.
    • Length : 8 mm
  • Diacavolina constricta van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Bermuda, Venezuela.
  • Diacavolinia deblainvillei van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Caribbean, Western Atlantic
    • Length : 7 mm
  • Diacavolinia deshayesi van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution ; Bermuda, Panama, French Guyana
    • Length : 8 mm
  • Diacavolinia elegans van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : New Yersey
    • Length : 6 mm
  • Diacavolinia flexipes van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : SE Asia
    • Length : 5 mm
  • Diacavolinia limbata van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Brazil, southern Indo-Pacific
    • Length : 13 mm
  • Diacavolinia longirostris (de Blainville, 1821) Long-snout Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Red Sea, Madagascar, West Pacific, Australian; Gulf of Mexico
    • Length : 7 mm; width : 4.9 to 6.8 mm
    • Description : globulous brownish shell with two distinct lateral spines and a long rostrum on the dorsal rim. Dorsal side of the shell is relatively flat whereas the ventral side is deeply rounded.
      • Diacavolinia longurostris angulata Souleyet, 1852
  • Diacavolinia mcgowani van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
  • Diacavolinia ovalis van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Caribbean, West Atlantic
    • Length : 6 mm
  • Diacavolinia robusta van der Spoel, Bleeker and Kobayashi, 1993
    • Distribution : Caribbean, West Atlantic
    • Length : 5.4 mm
  • Diacavolinia strangulata (G.P. Deshayes, 1823)
    • Distribution : Panama, Brazil, Cuba
    • Length : 4 mm

Genus Diacria J. E. Gray, 1847

The genus comprises two species groups and a total of ten species. The species may be globular, with both dorsal and ventral sides rounded, or bilaterally symmetrical with a long caudal spine. The species are protandric hermaphrodites. They are the largest of the Cavoliniids.

  • Diacria atlantica L. Dupont, 1979
    • Distribution : Massachusetts
    • Length : 9 mm
  • Diacria costata G. Pfeffer, 1879
    • Distribution: Indo-Pacific
  • Diacria danae van Leyen and van der Spoel, 1982
    • Distribution : circumglobal in warm seas
    • Length : 9 mm
  • Diacria maculata Bleeker and van der Spoel, 1988
  • Diacria major (Boas, 1886)
    • Distribution : Florida, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean.
    • Length : 13 mm
  • Diacria quadridentata (de Blainville, 1821) -- Four-tooth Cavoline
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Red Sea, Madagascar, Gulf of Mexico, Japan
    • Length : 3 mm; width : 1.8 to 2.5 mm
    • Description : a small, globular shell, with curved spinal and ventral sides. There are no caudal or lateral spines. The dorsal side extends further than the ventral side.
    • Subspecies:
      • Diacria quadridentata costata Pfeiffer, 1879 Japan
  • Diacria rampali Dupont, 1979
    • Distribution : Florida, Brazil
    • Length: 10 mm
  • Diacria rubecula Bontes & van der Spoel, 1998
    • Distribution : warmer regions of North Atlantic
    • Length: 11 mm
  • Diacria schmidti Leyen & van der Spoel, 1982
    • Distribution : Pacific
  • Diacria trispinosa (de Blainville, 1821) -- Three-spine Cavoline
    • Distribution: circumglobal, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar.
    • Length: 13 mm; width : 10 mm
    • Description: The slightly transparent, brownish shell is bilaterally symmetrical and is darker on the ribbed sections. Very long caudal spine and strong lateral spines. There are five ribs on the dorsal side and three ribs on the ventral side.

[edit] Family Clioidae

All are characterised by straight or slightly curved shells.

Genus Clio Linnaeus, 1767

  • Clio andreae (Boas, 1886)
  • Clio balantium Rang, 1829
    • Distribution : Japan
  • Clio chaptalii J. E. Gray, 1850
    • Distribution : Pacific
  • Clio compressa F. L. A. Souleyet, 1852
    • Distribution : New Zealand
  • Clio cuspidata (Bosc, 1802) -- Cuspidate Clio
    • Distribution : circumglobal
  • Clio fulcata Bonnevie, 1913
    • Distribution : Japan
  • Clio polita (Pelseneer, 1888) -- Two-keel Clio
    • Distribution : Pacific
  • Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 -- Pyramid Clio
    • Distribution : circumglobal
    • Length : 21 mm
    • Description : the mucous web has a pyramidal shape
    • Subspecies
      • Clio pyramidata angusta Boas, 1886 Japan
      • Clio pyramidata convexa Boas, 1886 America
      • Clio pyramidata lanceolata Lesueur, 1813 America
      • Clio pyramidata lata Boas, 1886 Japan
  • Clio recurva (Children, 1823) -- Wavy Clio
    • Distribution : East America
    • Length : 30 mm
  • Clio sulcata Pfeiffer, 1879
    • Distribution : New Zealand

[edit] Family Creseidae

Genus Creseis Rang, 1828

The shell of the members of this species has the form of a narrow, conically tapering tube.

  • Creseis acicula (Rang, 1828) -- Straight needle-Pteropod
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Seychelles, Madagascar.
    • Length: shell is up to 35 mm long and 1.5 mm across.
    • Description : transparent shell, long and straight, and round in cross section; smooth shell surface; smooth; there is a characteristic tentacular lobe on the anterior margin of the fins.
    • Subspecies :
      • Creseis acicula clava Rang, 1827 Japan
  • Creseis chierchiae
  • Creseis virgula (Rang, 1828) -- Curved-needle Pteropod
    • Distribution : Red Sea, Madagascar, Seychelles, Gulf of Mexico, Japan
    • Length: shell length up to 7 mm, opening diameter 1 mm.
    • Description : transparent shell, curved and round in cross section; smooth and colorless shell surface.
    • Subspecies :
      • Creseis virgula conica Eschscholtz, 1825 Japan
      • Creseis virgula constricta Chen & Be, Japan
      • Creseis virgula virgula

Genus Hyalocylis de Folin, 1875

  • Hyalocylis striata (Rang, 1828) -- Striate Clio
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Atlantic Ocean, Indo- W. Pacific, Madagascar.
    • Length : 10 mm
    • Description : cone-shaped transparent shell, slightly curved dorsally. The opening is oval in transverse section. The surface of the shell has transverse thickened bands that progressively get wider apart near the aperture. The animal is often easily recognised by the very large fins. The species can occur in swarms.

Genus Styliola J.E.Gray, 1850

  • Styliola subula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) -- Keeled Clio
    • Distribution : circumglobal, Florida, Brazil, Madagascar, East Pacific
    • Length : 13 mm
    • Description : needle-like shell, transparent and round in cross-section. A prominent straight ridge runs obliquely from the opening down to the left. There is no tentacular lobe on the anterior margin of the fins. The species can occur in swarms.

[edit] Family Cuvierinidae

Extinct genera:

  • Spoelia Janssen, 1990
  • Johnjagtia Janssen, 2005 -- (Early Miocene)
    • Johnjagtia moulinsi (Benoist, 1873) -- (Early Miocene)
  • Ireneia Janssen, 1995
    • Ireneia tenuistriata (Semper, 1861) -- (Late Oligocene)
    • Ireneia nieulandei Janssen, 1995 -- (Early Miocene)
    • Ireneia calandrellii (Michelotti, 1847) -- (Early Miocene)
    • Ireneia testudinaria(Michelotti, 1847) -- (Early-Middle Miocene)
    • Ireneia gracilis Janssen, 2005 -- (Middle Miocene)
    • Ireneia marqueti Janssen, 1995 -- (Late Miocene)

Extant genera:

Genus Cuvierina Boas, 1886 s. lat.

The genus Cuvierina developed from the Ireneia lineage during the Early Miocene and splits up in two subgenera:

  • Subgenus Cuvierina s. str.

Extant species:

    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) columnella (Rang, 1827) -- (Indo-Pacific)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) atlantica Bé, MacClintock & Currie, 1972 -- (Atlantic)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) pacifica Janssen, 2005 -- (Pacific)

Extinct species:

    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) torpedo (Marshall, 1918) -- (Early Miocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) paronai Checchia-Rispoli, 1921 -- (Middle - Late Miocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) grandis d'Alessandro & Robba, 1980 -- (Late Miocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) jagti Janssen, 1995 -- (Late Miocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) ludbrooki (Caprotti, 1962) -- (Pliocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) miyazakiensis Ujihara, 1996 -- (Pliocene)
    • Cuvierina (Cuvierina) astesana (Rang, 1829) -- (Pliocene)
  • Subgenus Urceolaria Janssen, 2005 (will be changed because of preoccupation by Lamarck, 1801)

Extant species:

    • Cuvierina (Urceolaria) urceolaris Mörch, 1850 -- (Indo-Pacific)
    • Cuvierina (Urceolaria) cancapae Janssen, 2005 -- (Atlantic)

Extinct species:

    • Cuvierina (Urceolaria) intermedia (Bellardi, 1873) (Middle Miocene - Pliocene)
    • Cuvierina (Urceolaria) curryi Janssen, 2005 (Middle Miocene)
    • Cuvierina (Urceolaria) inflata (Bellardi, 1873) (Late Miocene - Pliocene)

== Family Praecuvierinidae Janssen, 2005 == (extinct)

  • Genus Praecuvierina Janssen, 2005
    • Praecuvierina lura Hodgkinson, in Hodgkinson, Garvie & Bé, 1992) -- (Eocene, Lutetian)
  • Genus Texacuvierina Janssen, 2005
    • Texacuvierina gutta Hodgkinson, in Hodgkinson, Garvie & Bé, 1992) -- (Eocene, Bartonian).

[edit] References

  • Rampal, J., 2002. "Biodiversité et biogéographie chez les Cavoliniidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Euthecosomata). Régions faunistiques marines" Zoosystema, 24(2):209-258.
  • Janssen, A.W., 2003. Notes on the systematics, morphology and biostratigraphy of fossil holoplanktonic Mollusca, 13. "Considerations on a subdivision of Thecosomata, with the emphasis on genus group classification of Limacinidae" Cainozoic Research, 2(1-2): 163-170.
  • Janssen, A.W., 2005. Development of Cuvierinidae (Mollusca, Euthecosomata, Cavolinioidea) during the Cainozoic: a non-cladistic approach with a re-interpretation of Recent taxa
  • Seaslug.com
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