Canadian federal election, 1945

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The Canadian federal election of 1945 was the 20th general election in Canadian history. It was held June 11, 1945 to elect members of the 20th Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal government was re-elected to its third consecutive majority government.

The federal election was the first since the victory of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in the Saskatchewan provincial election, and many predicted a major breakthrough for the CCF nationally. The party was expected to win 70 to 100 seats, possibly even enough to form a minority government. Despite the expectations, the party only won 28 seats.

1945 was also the first test of the newly named Progressive Conservatives. The Conservative Party had changed its name in 1942 when former Progressive Party Premier of Manitoba John Bracken became its leader. The party improved its standing over the old Conservative Party, but fell far short of challenging Liberal hegemony.

A key issue in this election seems to have been electing a stable government. The Liberals urged voters to "Return the Mackenzie King Government", and argued that only the Liberal Party had a "preponderence of members in all nine provinces". Mackenzie King threatened to call a new election if he was not given a majority: "We would have confusion to deal with at a time when the world will be in a very disturbed situation. The war in Europe is over, but unrest in the east is not over."

The Progressive Conservatives tried to capitalize on the massive mid-campaign victory by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in the 1945 Ontario provincial election. PC campaign ads exhorted voters to rally behind their party: "Ontario shows! Only Bracken can win!", and suggesting that it would be impossible to form a majority government in the country without a plurality of seats in Ontario, which only the Tories could win. In the event, the Liberals fell just short of a majority even though they won only 34 seats in Ontario to the PCs' 48 seats. Eight "Independent Liberal" MPs could be expected to support the government.

Social welfare programs were also an issue in the campaign. Another Liberal slogan encouraged voters to "Build a New Social Order" by endorsing the Liberal platform, which included

• $750 million to provide land, jobs and business support for veterans;
• $400 million of public spending to build housing;
• $250 million for family allowances;
• establishing an Industrial development Bank;
• loans to farmers, floor prices for agricultural products;
• tax reductions.

Campaigning under the slogan, "Work, Security, and Freedom for All -- with the CCF", the CCF promised to retain war-time taxes on high incomes and excess profits in order to fund social services, and to abolish the Canadian Senate. The CCF fought hard to prevent the support of labour from going to the Labour Progressive Party (i.e., the Communist Party of Canada).

The LPP, for its part, pointed out that the CCF's refusal to enter into an electoral pact with the LPP had cost the CCF 100,000 votes in the Ontario election, and had given victory to the Ontario PCs. It urged voters to "Make Labor (sic) a Partner in Government."

The Social Credit Party of Canada tried, with modest success, to capitalize on the positive image of the Alberta Socred government of William Aberhart, asking voters, "Good Government in Alberta -- Why Not at Ottawa?". Referring to social credit monetary theories, the party encouraged voters to "Vote for the National Dividend".

[edit] National results

Party		Party leader	# of candidates	Seats			Popular vote
				1940	Elected	% Change	#	%	% Change
	Liberal	Mackenzie King	236	177	118	-33.9%	2,086,545	39.78%	-11.54%
	Progressive Conservative1	John Bracken	203	39	66	+66.7%	1,448,744	27.62%	-2.79%
	Co-operative Commonwealth	M.J. Coldwell	205	8	28	+250%	815,720	15.55%	+7.31%
	Social Credit2	Solon Low	93	10	13	+30.0%	212,220	4.05%	+1.46%
	Independent Liberal		20	2	8	+300%	93,791	1.79%	-1.40%
	Independent		64	1	6	+500%	256,381	4.89%	+3.65%
	Bloc Populaire Canadien	Maxime Raymond	35	*	2	*	172,765	3.29%	*
	Labour Progressive3	Tim Buck	68	-	1		111,892	2.13%	+1.94%
	Independent PC		8	*	1	*	14,541	0.28%	*
	Independent CCF4		2	*	1	*	6,402	0.12%	*
	Liberal-Progressive		1	3	1	-66.7%	6,147	0.12%	-0.48%
	National Government5		1		-		4,872	0.09%
	Trades Union		1	*	-	*	4,679	0.09%	*
	Farmer-Labour		2	-	-	-	3,620	0.07%	-0.11%
	Independent Conservative		1	-	-	-100%	2,653	0.05%	-0.18%
	Democratic	W.R.N. Smith	5	*	-	*	2,603	0.05%	*
	Union of Electors		1	*	-	*	596	0.01%	*
	Socialist Labour		2	*	-	*	459	0.01%	*
	Labour		1	-	-	-	423	0.01%	-0.07%
	Liberal-Labour		1	*	-	*	345	0.01%	*
	Independent Labour		1	*	-	*	241	x	*
	Unknown		1	-	-	-	70	x	x
Total			952	243	245	-	5,245,709	100%
Sources: http://www.elections.ca -- History of Federal Ridings since 1867

Notes:

* The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

¹ 1945 Progressive Conservative vote compared to 1940 National Government + Conservative vote.

² 1945 Social Credit vote compared to 1940 New Democracy + Social Credit vote.

³ 1945 Labour Progressive vote compared to 1940 Communist vote.

⁴ The successful "Independent CCF" candidate ran as a People's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidate.

⁵ One Progressive Conservative candidate ran under the "National Government" label that the party had used in the 1940 election.

[edit] Results by province

Party name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	YK	Total
	Liberal	Seats:	5	2	2	9	34	47	7	9	3		118
		Popular Vote:	27.5	21.8	33.0	32.7	40.8	46.5	50.0	45.7	48.4		39.8
	Progressive Conservative	Seats:	5	2	1	2	48	1	3	2	1	1	66
		Vote:	30.0	18.7	18.8	24.9	41.4	9.7	38.3	36.8	47.4	40.0	27.6
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Seats:	4	-	18	5	-	-	-	1	-	-	28
		Vote:	29.4	18.4	44.4	31.6	14.3	2.4	7.4	16.7	4.2	27.5	15.6
	Social Credit	Seats:	-	13	-	-	-	-					13
		Vote:	2.3	36.6	3.0	3.2	0.2	4.4					4.0
	Independent Liberal	Seats:	1					7	-				8
		Vote:	1.7					5.9	1.1				1.8
	Independent	Seats:				-	-	6	-	-			6
		Vote:				0.8	0.4	16.9	3.2	0.2			4.9
	Bloc populaire	Seats:					-	2					2
		Vote:					0.3	11.9					3.3
	Labour Progressive	Seats:	-	-	-	-	-	1		-		-	1
		Vote:	5.9	4.5	0.8	5.0	2.0	1.0		0.6		32.4	2.1
	Independent PC	Seats:					-	1					1
		Vote:					xx	1.0					0.3
	Independent CCF	Seats:	1					-					1
		Vote:	1.4					xx					0.1
	Liberal-Progressive	Seats:				1							1
		Vote:				1.9							0.1
Total Seats			16	17	21	17	82	65	10	12	4	1	245
Parties that won no seats:
	National Government	Vote:					0.3						0.1
	Trades Union	Vote:	1.1										0.1
	Farmer-Labour	Vote:					0.2						0.1
	Independent Conservative	Vote:						0.2					0.1
	Democratic	Vote:	0.6										xx
	Union of Electors	Vote:						xx					xx
	Socialist Labour	Vote:	0.1										xx
	Labour	Vote:						xx					xx
	Liberal-Labour	Vote:						xx					xx
	Independent Labour	Vote:					0.1						xx
	Unknown	Vote:						xx					xx

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

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Preceded by 1940 federal election

Canadian federal elections

Succeeded by 1949 federal election