Cambridge Apostles
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The Cambridge Apostles, also known as the Cambridge Conversazione Society, is an elite intellectual secret society at Cambridge University, founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who went on to become the Bishop of Gibraltar.
The society takes its name from the idea that its members are supposedly the 12 cleverest students at Cambridge. The active membership consists largely of undergraduates, though there have been graduate student members. The society traditionally centered around King's College and Trinity College, though this is no longer the case.
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[edit] Activities and membership
The society is essentially a debating club. Meetings are held once a week, traditionally on Saturday evenings, during which one member gives a prepared talk on a topic, which is later thrown open for discussion; during the meetings, members used to eat sardines on toast, called "whales."
The Apostles retain a leather diary of their membership stretching back to its founder, which includes handwritten notes about the topics each member has spoken on. The diary is retained by the secretary of the society. The members referred to as the "Apostles" are the active, usually undergraduate members; former members are called "angels". Undergraduates usually agree to become angels after graduating or being awarded a fellowship. Every few years, amid great secrecy, all the angels are invited to an Apostles' dinner at a Cambridge college.
Undergraduates being considered for membership are called "embryos" and are invited to "embryo parties," where members judge whether the student should be invited to join. The "embryos" attend these parties without knowing they are being considered for membership. Becoming an Apostle involves taking an oath of secrecy and listening to the reading of a curse, originally written by Apostle Fenton John Anthony Hort, the theologian, in or around 1851.
There have been very few women members. The first woman to join, an American Ph.D student in social anthropology, became a member in 1985, 165 years after the society was founded.
Critics say the society's secretive nature, combined with the small number of women members, and the significant percentage of angels who have acquired fellowships at Cambridge, and positions in the media, government and the church, places the Apostles at odds with the meritocratic ideals the university espouses. Former members have spoken of the life-long bond they feel toward one another. Henry Sidgwick, the philosopher, wrote of the Apostles in his memoirs that "the tie of attachment to this society is much the strongest corporate bond which I have known in my life."
[edit] Bloomsbury
The Apostles became well-known outside Cambridge in the years before the First World War with the rise to eminence of the group of intellectuals known as the Bloomsbury Group. Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey and his brother, G.E. Moore, and Rupert Brooke were all Apostles and subsequently prominent as members of Bloomsbury.
[edit] The Cambridge spy ring
The Apostles came to public attention again following the exposure of the Cambridge spy ring in 1951. At least four men with access to the top levels of government in Britain — two of them former Apostles — were found to have passed information to the KGB. The four known agents were Guy Burgess, an MI6 officer and secretary to the deputy foreign minister; Anthony Blunt, MI5 officer, director of the Courtauld Institute, and art adviser to the Queen; Donald MacLean, foreign office secretary; and Kim Philby, MI6 officer and journalist.
Although only four men were identified, there were rumors of a fifth man, a senior British intelligence officer, who was never found. Many stories linked this rumor to Victor Rothschild, another Apostle, who had supplied an apartment in London for some of the Cambridge spies to meet in, though there is no evidence that he knew about their spying activities. In 1963, American writer Michael Straight, also an Apostle, and later publisher of his family's The New Republic magazine, admitted to spying.
Of the four named spies, Guy Burgess and Anthony Blunt, both homosexual, had been members of the Apostles at a time when homosexuality seemed to be an attribute of many of the undergraduates chosen for membership, and stories persisted that the membership was mainly homosexual and Marxist. Blunt, a communist, was the first to be recruited by the KGB, during a visit to Russia in 1933. When he returned to Britain, he recruited other Cambridge students, including Straight. [1] As the Queen's art advisor, Blunt was knighted in 1956, but was stripped of his knighthood in 1979 after Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher publicly named him as a spy.
[edit] Former members
Members of the Cambridge Apostles have included (with the year they joined in brackets, where it is known):
- George Tomlinson, Bishop of Gibraltar (1820)
- J.F.D. "Frederick" Maurice, Christian socialist writer
- John Sterling, writer and poet
- Charles Buller, barrister and MP
- Arthur Buller, judge of the Supreme Court, Calcutta
- Richard Chenevix Trench, Christian writer, Archbishop of Dublin
- John Mitchell Kemble, historian
- Erasmus Alvey Darwin, brother of Charles Darwin (1823)
- Arthur Hallam, poet (1829)
- Alfred Tennyson, English poet, member of the House of Lords (1829)
- Sir William Harcourt, Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Fenton John Anthony Hort (1851), theologian
- Brooke Foss Westcott, theologian, Bishop of Durham
- James Clerk Maxwell, physicist (1852)
- Henry Sidgwick, philosopher (1857)
- Oscar Browning, educator
- Edward Fitzgerald, poet and translator of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
- G. H. Hardy, mathematician.
- C. P. Snow, writer and physicist
- A.N. Whitehead, mathematician, logician and philosopher (1884)
- Roger Eliot Fry, art historian (1887)
- Bertrand Russell, philosopher, member of the House of Lords (1892)
- Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, historian and philosopher
- J. M. E. McTaggart, philosopher
- G.E. Moore, philosopher (1894)
- E. M. Forster, writer (1901)
- Desmond MacCarthy, newspaper critic
- Lytton Strachey, writer and critic (1902)
- Arthur Waley, Chinese and Japanese translator and historian
- Robert Trevelyan, poet and translator
- Saxon Sidney Turner, writer
- Francis Birrell, critic and journalist
- John Maynard Keynes, economist, member of the House of Lords (1903)
- Rupert Brooke, poet (1908)
- Raymond Mortimer, art critic, journalist, editor of the New Statesman
- Stephen Tomlin, sculptor
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher (1912)
- Gerald Shove, economist
- Guy Burgess, MI6 officer, KGB spy
- Anthony Blunt, art adviser to the Queen, MI5 officer, KGB spy (1927)
- G. M. Trevelyan, historian
- Robin Gandy, mathematician
- Julian Bell, poet
- John Tressider "Jack" Sheppard, classicist, provost of King's College
- Victor Rothschild, financier, member of the House of Lords
- Michael Whitney Straight, American magazine publisher, member of the Whitney family, Presidential speechwriter, KGB spy
- Noel Annan, intelligence officer, provost of King's College, Cambridge, provost of University College, London, vice-chancellor of the University of London, member of the House of Lords
- Eric Hobsbawm, historian
- Geoffrey Lloyd, emeritus professor of classics at Cambridge; Master of Darwin College, Cambridge
- Paul Levy, writer (author of Moore: G.E. Moore and the Cambridge Apostles); co-executor of Lytton Strachey's literary estate; former food critic for The Observer and arts correspondent for the Wall Street Journal
[edit] Appearances in Literature
- Avenging Angel, a murder mystery by the philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah
- The Longest Journey by E.M. Forster
[edit] References
- Allen, Peter, The Cambridge Apostles: the early years, Cambridge University Press, 1978.
- Deacon, Richard (pseudonym for Donald McCormick), The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University's Elite Intellectual Secret Society, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986. ISBN 0-374-11820-5
- Levy, Paul, Moore: G. E. Moore and the Cambridge Apostles, Oxford, 1979.
- Lubenow, W. C., The Cambridge Apostles, 1820-1914: Liberalism, Imagination, and Friendship in British Intellectual and Political Life", Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57213-4
- "All About the Cambridge Spies" by Russell Aiuto
- "Michael Straight: Cambridge spy whose testimony was crucial in exposing Anthony Blunt", obituary, by Richard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian, January 9, 2004
