C. J. Cherryh

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**Carolyn Janice Cherry**
C. J. Cherryh at the 39th World Science Fiction Convention, Denver, Colorado, 1981
Pseudonym(s):	C. J. Cherryh
Born:	September 1, 1942 St. Louis, Missouri
Occupation(s):	Novelist, Short story author, Essayist, High school teacher
Nationality:	United States
Writing period:	1976–
Genre(s):	Science fiction, Fantasy
Debut work(s):	Gate of Ivrel (1976)
Website:	www.cherryh.com

C. J. Cherryh (born September 1, 1942) is the slightly modified working name of United States science fiction and fantasy author Carolyn Janice Cherry, the sister of artist David A. Cherry. She has written more than 60 books since the mid-1970s, including the Hugo Award winning novels Cyteen and Downbelow Station, both set in her Alliance-Union universe. She has also had an asteroid, 77185 Cherryh, named after her. Referring to this honor, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory writes of Cherryh: "She has challenged us to be worthy of the stars by imagining how mankind might grow to live among them." ^[1]

Cherryh (pronounced "Cherry") appended a silent "h" to her real name because her first editor (Donald A. Wollheim) felt that "Cherry" sounded too much like a romance writer. Her initials of C.J. were used to disguise the fact that she was female (at the time almost all science fiction authors were male). Her middle name is pronounced [dʒəˈniːs], with the accent on the second syllable (and not the more common pronunciation [ˈdʒænɪs]). ^[2]

1 Biography
2 Writing style
3 Genre
4 World building
5 Major themes
6 Works
7 Scholarship on Cherryh
8 Awards and honors
9 Organizations
10 Footnotes
11 External links

[edit] Biography

Cherryh was born in 1942 in St. Louis, Missouri and raised primarily in Lawton, Oklahoma. She began writing stories at the age of ten when she became frustrated with the cancellation of her favorite TV show, Flash Gordon.

In 1964 she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Latin from the University of Oklahoma (Phi Beta Kappa), with academic specialisations in archaeology, mythology and the history of engineering. In 1965 she received a Master of Arts degree in classics from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where she was a Woodrow Wilson fellow. After university, she taught Latin, classics, and ancient history in the Oklahoma City public school system.

Cherryh did not follow the professional path typical of science fiction writers at the time, which was to first publish short stories in science fiction and fantasy magazines and then progress to novels. In fact, Cherryh did not consider writing short stories until after she had several novels published.

Instead, Cherryh wrote novels in her spare time away from teaching and submitted these manuscripts directly for publication. Initially, she met with little success. In fact, she was forced to re-write several of her early works from scratch when various publishers lost her original manuscripts. (Cherryh often submitted her original and only copies to publishers during this period, lacking the money to pay for photocopying services).

Cherryh's breakthrough came in 1975 when Donald A. Wollheim purchased both manuscripts she had submitted to DAW Books, Gate of Ivrel and Brothers of Earth. The two novels were published in 1976, Gate of Ivrel preceding Brothers of Earth by several months (although she had completed and submitted Brothers of Earth first). The books won her immediate recognition and the John W. Campbell award in 1977 for Best New Writer of the Year.

Although not all of Cherryh's works have been published by DAW Books, during this early period she developed a strong relationship with the Wollheim family and their publishing company, frequently traveling to New York City and staying with the Wollheims in their Queens family home. Other companies that have published her novels include Baen Books, HarperCollins, Warner Books, and Random House (under its Del Rey Books imprint).

Cherryh published six additional novels in the late 1970s. In 1979, her short story "Cassandra" won the Best Short Story Hugo, and she quit teaching to write full-time. She has since won the Hugo Award for Best Novel twice, first for Downbelow Station in 1982 and then again for Cyteen in 1989.

In addition to developing her own fictional universes, Cherryh has contributed to several shared world anthologies, including Thieves World, Heroes in Hell, Elfquest, Witch World, Magic in Ithkar, and the Merovingen Nights series, which she edited. Her writing has encompassed a variety of science fiction and fantasy subgenres and includes a few short works of non-fiction.

Cherryh's books have been translated into the following languages: Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish and Swedish. She has also translated several published works of fiction into English.

A former resident of Oklahoma, Cherryh now lives near Spokane, Washington with science fiction/fantasy author and artist Jane Fancher. She enjoys traveling and regularly makes appearances at science fiction conventions.

[edit] Writing style

Cherryh uses a writing technique she has variously labeled "very tight limited third person", "intense third person", and "intense internal" voice. In this approach, the only things the writer narrates are those that the viewpoint character specifically notices or thinks about. If a starship captain arrives at a space station, for example, the narration may not mention important features of the station with which the captain is already familiar, even though these things might be of interest to the reader, because the captain doesn't notice them or think about them due to their familiarity. This technique can offer a similar experience to that of reading the viewpoint character's mind -- sometimes at great length -- and thus it can resemble stream of consciousness narrative.

[edit] Genre

Because of Cherryh's varied and prolific output, it is impossible to classify her writing as part of any single subgenre of science fiction and fantasy. She considers the two to be part of a unified whole, and opposes attempts to segregate writers and fans by increasingly specific subgenre definitions. Regarding this issue, she has written, "[I] don't like this specialization in which one side sniffs at the other as if they were some other species. No, no, no. We started out one creature. I don't care if 'they' have spots. We're still the same breed of cat."[1]

Nevertheless, she is often cited as an exemplar of various science fiction and fantasy subgenres, including the following:

Space Opera (or "New" Space Opera), such as for the Foreigner novels and numerous works in the "Alliance-Union" universe
Hard Science Fiction, such as Downbelow Station and Cyteen
Military Science Fiction, such as the "Company Wars" novels and the Faded Sun Trilogy
Science Fantasy, such as the Morgaine cycle
Bangsian Fantasy, for her work on the Heroes in Hell series

Cherryh's fantasy corpus is particularly difficult to categorize. Certain works are unmistakably High Fantasy, such as the Ealdwood and Fortress series. In addition, Cherryh was extended membership in the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America (SAGA) for her contributions to the Heroic Fantasy subgenre. Other works, however, feature a skepticism towards, or even a total absence of magic more consistent with the Low Fantasy subgenre, such as The Paladin. In fact, her "Russian" series, which is perhaps best described as Historical Fantasy, can be read as a cautionary tale regarding the dangers of magical power.

Her 1996 book Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel, was a tie-in to the Lois & Clark television series and serves as an example of the Superhero Fantasy subgenre, incorporating additional elements from Romantic Fantasy.

Cherryh has penned Sunfall, a collection of short stories in the Dying Earth subgenre, and her Merovingen Nights shared world series borrows heavily from the historic style of Sword and Planet fiction. Her 1981 book Wave Without a Shore is a Soft Science Fiction novel more concerned with philosophy than technology. Forge of Heaven (2004) adapts many of the tropes of postcyberpunk science fiction. Finally, Cherryh occasionally incorporates elements from Horror Fiction in her work, such as the novel Voyager in Night, the Finisterre books, and her "Russian" trilogy.

[edit] World building

Cherryh's works depict fictional worlds with great realism supported by her strong background in linguistics, history, archaeology, and psychology. In her introduction to Cherryh's first book, Andre Norton compared the work to Tolkien's: "Never since reading The Lord of the Rings have I been so caught up in any tale as I have been in Gate of Ivrel." Another reviewer commented, "Her blend of science and folklore gives the novels an intellectual depth comparable to Tolkien or Gene Wolfe"[2]. Cherryh creates believable alien cultures, species, and perspectives, causing the reader to reconsider basic assumptions about human nature. Her worlds have been praised as complex and realistic because she presents them through implication rather than explication.

Cherryh has described the process she uses to create alien societies for her fiction as being akin to asking a series of questions, and letting the answers to these questions dictate various parameters of the alien culture. In her view, "culture is how biology responds [to its environment] and makes its living conditions better."

Some of the issues she considers critical to consider in detailing an intelligent alien race include:[3]

The physical environment in which the species lives
The location and nature of the race's dwellings, including the spatial relationships between those dwellings
The species' diet, method(s) of obtaining and consuming food, and cultural practices regarding the preparation of meals and eating (if any)
Processes which the aliens use to share knowledge
Customs and ideas regarding death, dying, the treatment of the race's dead, and the afterlife (if any)
Metaphysical issues related to self-definition and the aliens' concept of the universe they inhabit

[edit] Major themes

Main article: Themes of C. J. Cherryh's works

[edit] Works

Main article: C. J. Cherryh bibliography

C. J. Cherryh's career began with publication of her first books in 1976, Gate of Ivrel and Brothers of Earth. She has been prolific since that time, publishing over 60 novels, short-story compilations, with continuing production as her blog attests [4]. Ms. Cherryh has received the Hugo and Locus Awards for some of her novels.

Her novels are divided into various spheres, focusing mostly around the Alliance-Union universe, The Chanur Novels, the Foreigner Universe, and her fantasy novels.

The Cherryh Odyssey (Borgo Press, 2004); Cover art by David A. Cherry

[edit] Scholarship on Cherryh

The Cherryh Odyssey (2004, ISBN 0-8095-1070-7; ISBN 0-8095-1071-5), edited by Edward Carmien, compiles a dozen essays by academic and professional voices discussing the literary life and career of Cherryh. A bibliography is included.
The Jack Williamson Science Fiction Library at Eastern New Mexico University contains a collection of Cherryh's manuscripts and notes for scholarly research.[5]
Military Command in Women's Science Fiction: C.J. Cherryh's Signy Mallory (2000) by Camille Bacon-Smith. Part 1:[6] , Part 2:[7]