Butterley Tunnel
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Butterley Tunnel is a one and three quarter mile long canal tunnel on the Cromford Canal below Ripley, in Derbyshire, England, opened to traffic in 1794.[1].
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[edit] Origins
The tunnel was 2,966 yard (2712m) long, 9ft wide at water level, and 8ft from water to soffit (depending on the water level).[1] At the time of building it was the third longest canal tunnel in the World after Sapperton and Dudley.[2][3] Thirty-three shafts were sunk during construction with the workings dewatered using a Woodhouse steam engine. Water was provided for the Cromford Canal from the 50 acre Butterley Reservoir situated on the hill above the tunnel.[1] The Butterley Reservoir is itself crossed by a stone railway embankment currently used by the locomotives of the Midland Railway Centre's preserved steam railway.[4] Water flowed from the reservoir directly into the tunnel via an adit 600 yards along the tunnel from the Western Portal. Above the Eastern portal the Butterley Park Reservoir once provided water to the canal. This Reservoir was filled in during 1935. Both the tunnel and reservoirs were constructed by the Butterley Company, formed in 1790 by Benjamin Outram (1764-1805) and Francis Beresford (died 1801) with William Jessop (1745-1814) and John Wright (1758-1840) joining by 1793.[5]
There is no towpath within the tunnel, therefore narrow boats were propelled through the tunnel using the musclepower of the narrow boat's crew. This process is called Legging. The external link listed below shows men Legging It through Butterley Tunnel.
[edit] Underground wharf
About 880 yards from the tunnel's Western Portal there is an underground wharf about 60 yards long with the tunnel here widened to about 16 feet. One of the horizontal tunnels departing from the tunnel at this point used to run to the Butterley Company's Butterley Carr Pit which opened in 1812 and loaded its coal directly into narrow boats at the underground wharf. There were also vertical shafts from the wharf which allowed goods in tram boxes to be lowered directly from and lifted up to the Butterley Company's works (on the hill above the tunnel) to and from the underground wharf. These tram boxes were used by Benjamin Outram on the Little Eaton Tramway. The box could be lifted from the tram chassis and loaded directly into narrow boats or barges on the Derby Canal. Similar designs were used in other undertakings in which Benjamin Outram had an interest. Initially the boxes were lowered with the aid of a large water bucket descending or ascending a parallel shaft to act as a counter balance. This system was later replaced by a steam engine winding the boxes up and down the shafts. Reputable sources cited here consider the presence and mode of use of this underground wharf to be if not unique, extremely rare within the United Kingdom.[1][6].
In the mid 1980s, demolition of the Butterley Company's old foundry buildings exposed the original blast furnace, dating to 1790. In front of the furnace is at least one vertical shaft, now capped off, which leads down to a short tunnel which connects with the canal tunnel close to the wharf area. Additionally, a number of deep drains below these buildings probably link to the canal tunnel. The site is now occupied by Butterley Engineering, one of the successors to the Butterley Company.
[edit] Decline in use
In 1889 subsidence caused the tunnel to be closed for a period of four years with the tunnel reopening after repairs in 1893. This closure resulted in the permanent loss of some of the canal's customers to competing railway companies. A partial collapse of the Butterley Tunnel in 1900 due to mining related subsidence split the Cromford Canal into two.[2] The tunnel has not yet been repaired. Rudolph de Salis undertook a government funded survey of the tunnel in 1904 but his report was not favourable. Rudolph de Salis was a director of Fellows, Morton and Clayton a prominent canal freight company. A third tunnel collapse in 1907 and a government report by Sir William Matthews KCMG in June 1907 ended hopes of repairing the tunnel at this time and the tunnel was pronounced beyond economical repair in 1909.[7] Commercial traffic on the canal ceased in 1944.[2]
[edit] After closure
"The Friends of Cromford Canal" is a group of volunteers whose aim is to fully restore the Cromford Canal and the Butterley Tunnel. A horse drawn narrowboat is brought into service by "The Friends of Cromford Canal" occasionally on the only navigable section of the Cromford Canal near to the Derbyshire village of Cromford itself.[8]
The tunnel has been extended twice since it was originally built. The Midland Railway's Ripley to Heanor branch was built across the front of the Western portal with a new section of tunnel passing underneath bringing the total length at this time to 3063 yards (2801m). After the tunnels closure the A38 road was built over the old railway track. The extra width required by the road brought about the introduction of an extra 6 foot 8 inch wide, 20 yard long cylindrical culvert to the Western end of the tunnel bringing the new length to about 3083 yards (2819m).[1].
The Golden Valley Light Railway (GVLR) passes less than 30 yards North of the tunnel's Eastern Portal. This 24 inch narrow gauge railway terminates at a station behind Newlands Inn approximately 100 yards East of the Butterley Tunnel's Eastern Portal. This section of the GVLR's track crosses the site of the Butterley Park Reservoir. The GVLR operates for the benefit of tourists and is part of the Midland Railway Centre. The Newlands Inn served the Cromford Canal as a place where the narrow boat horses were changed and probably where the narrow boat crews were refreshed prior to or after legging it through the tunnel.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Robin Witter (2002-10-07). Butterley Tunnel - The Illustrated Report. the Web Site for The Friends of the Cromford Canal.
- ^ a b c Jim Shead. Cromford Canal. Canals & Rivers: History by Waterways. Easynet.
- ^ The World's Longest Navigation Canal Tunnels.
- ^ Midland Railway Centre. Stone Railway Embankment. the Web Site for Midland Railway Centre.
- ^ The Inland Waterways Protection Society Limited (2006-07-22). Benjamin Outram (1764 – 1805): A tribute to the life of Benjamin Outram of Alfreton, Derbyshire — Civil Engineer and Industrialist. David Kitching.
- ^ Roger Cragg (September 2004). Butterley Tunnel Underground Wharf (PDF). Newsletter Number 103. Institution of Civil Engineers.
- ^ Peter Hardcastle. Cromford Canal. Canals and Waterways: Roots and Routes.
- ^ Brian L Dominic (2004-02-04). Horsedrawn Narrowboat. the Web Site for The Friends of the Cromford Canal.
- ^ Golden Valley Light Railway.
[edit] Further reading
- Engineering Timelines. Butterley Reservoir. the Engineering Timelines Map of the British Isles Web Site.
- Schofield, R.B., (2000) Benjamin Outram, Cardiff: Merton Priory Press
- Schofield, R.B., (1981) Promotion of the Cromford Canal Act of 1789 : A Study in Canal Engineering J.Rylands Univ.Lib of Manchester
- Potter, H., (2003) The Cromford Canal Tempus Publishing Limited
- Hadfield, C., and Skempton, A.W., (1979) "William Jessop, Engineer" David and Charles Publishers.
- Greenwood, D., (2003) "Portal to Portal, A Short History of the Butterley Tunnel" The Friends of Cromford Canal
- Christian, R., (1990) "Butterley Brick" Henry Melland Publishing
- Farey, J., (1811-13) "General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire"
[edit] External links
- Alan Walker (2005-08-27). SK4251 : Eastern portal of the Butterley Tunnel on the Cromford Canal near to Golden Valley, Derbyshire, Great Britain. Geograph British Isles. — a photograph (Ordnance Survey grid reference
- Brian L Dominic. The Friends of Cromford Canal.
- Legging It through Butterley Tunnel.
- Photographic Survey of Butterley Tunnel in 1979.
- The World's Longest Navigation Canal Tunnels.
- Jim Shead. Canal Tunnels in the United Kingdom.
