Brunei Revolt

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Brunei Revolt
Part of Borneo Confrontation
Date 8 December 1962 – 1966 Location Brunei Result Decisive British/Commonwealth victory
Combatants
United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Malaya Brunei	Anti-Governement rebels Indonesia
Commanders
General Sir Nigel Poett	Yassin Affandi
Strength
?	?
Casualties
?	?

The Brunei Revolt broke out on the December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels. The rebels began co-ordinated attacks on the oil town of Seria, targeting the Shell oil installations and attacks on police stations and government facilities around the protectorate. Contemporary accounts also refer to it as the Brunei Rebellion. This uprising is seen as one of the first stages of the Borneo Confrontation.

Contents 1 Background 2 The Battle for Seria 3 The Assault on Limbang 4 Executions at Temburong 5 Consequences of the revolt

[edit] Background

Between 1959 and 1962, the British, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak were involved in a negotiation process to form a new Malaysian Federation. However, the Philippines and particularly Indonesia opposed any move towards unification of Sarawak with the new federation by evidence of widespread anti-Federation sentiment in Sarawak and Brunei itself.

Local opposition and sentiments against the Malaysian Federation plan have often been under-represented in historical writings on the Brunei Revolt and the subsequent Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation. In fact, political forces in Sarawak had long anticipated their own national independence as promised (but later aborted) by the last White Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke, in 1941.

Left-wing and communist cell groups, which grew rapidly among Sarawak's urban Chinese communities since the 1950s (which later became the nucleus of the anti-Malaysia PARAKU and PGRS guerrilla forces), supported and propagated the unification of all British Borneo territories to form an independent leftist North Kalimantan state, an idea originally proposed by A.M. Azahari, leader of the Brunei People's Party, who had forged links with Sukarno's nationalist movement in Java since the 1940s. The North Kalimantan (or Kalimantan Utara) proposal was seen as a post-decolonization alternative by local opposition against the Malaysian Federation plan. Local opposition throughout the Borneo territories was primarily based on economic, political, historical and cultural differences between the Borneo states and the Malayan peninsula, and the refusal to be subjected under peninsular political domination.

Contrary to popular belief, no firm evidence has ever been unearthed to support claims that Sukarno had territorial ambitions over Sarawak (he always held firmly to the 1945 decision which delineated Indonesia's boundaries to territories inherited from the former Dutch-Indies, and this might explain why he eagerly pursued Papua's - but not East Timor's - annexation). More likely was that Sukarno invested hopes for the establishment of a North Kalimantan state aligned to Jakarta's anti-colonial/imperialist geopolitics, in which he found suitable allies.

In effort to thwart any effort to form Malaysia, Indonesia became actively involved in subterfuge operation and later declared war on Malaysia. During this period, Indonesia agents came into contact with local opposition that was against the idea of a federation.

[edit] The Battle for Seria

This article is part of the History of Malaysia series
Prehistoric Malaysia (40,000–2,000 BCE)
Gangga Negara (2nd–11th century CE)
Langkasuka (2nd–14th century)
Pan Pan (3rd–5th century)
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White Rajahs (1841–1946)
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Larut War (1861–1874)
Klang War (1867–1874)
Pangkor Treaty of 1874
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (19th century–1946)
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Battle of Penang (1914)
North Borneo (1882–1963)
Mat Salleh Rebellion (1896–1900)
World War II (1941–1945)
Battle of Malaya (1941–42)
Parit Sulong Massacre (1942)
Battle of Singapore (1942)
Syburi (1942–1945)
Battle of North Borneo (1945)
Sandakan Death Marches (1945)
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
Bukit Kepong Incident (1950)
Independence Day (1957)
Federation of Malaysia (1963–present)
Operation Coldstore (1963)
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation (1962–1966)
Brunei Revolt (1962–1966)
Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965)
1964 Race Riots (1964)
May 13 Incident (1969)
New Economic Policy (1971–1990)
Operation Lalang (1987)
1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis (1987–88)
Asian financial crisis (1997–98)
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The town of Seria was under rebel control when two Gurkha Rifle companies began to clear the area of rebels. Soon afterwards the Queen's Own Highlanders (a large part of the British force had been on leave) landed at Anduki Airfield and met up with 1/2 Gurkha Rifles.

Anduki Airfield today [1] is a grass airstrip with a concrete ramp used almost exclusively by Brunei Shell Petroleum aircraft and helicopters servicing Brunei's extensive offshore petroleum production installations. The Sultan of Brunei and members of the Royal Family sometimes use it in their helicopters when they wish to visit Seria, especially on State occasions[2]. Regarded as strategically important because of its proximity to the oil town of Seria, its history in the Brunei Revolt and the paucity of other Brunei airstrips usable by fixed-wing military aircraft, Anduki and the adjacent highway to Bandar Seri Begawan is one of the first areas to be secured by Gurkha and Brunei Army troops when they deploy on contemporary war exercises.

[edit] The Assault on Limbang

In Limbang insurgents take hostage the British official R.H. Morris and his wife along with four other Europeans. A British team of rescuers is recruited from the Royal Marines and headed up by the future Captain of "HMS Invincible" in the Falklands War. The team acquires two light motor boats and starts its assault. It is worth noting that the only map they had was 10 years old at the time. The marines lose the element of surprise due to loud noise of their boats, but succeed nevertheless to put down insurgents machine gun and landed. The attackers start their search for hostages, who, upon hearing shots begin singing English songs, allowing the rescue party to locate and free them quickly. About 200 insurgents, who have very limited (if any) military training and a paltry assortment of weapons (about a dozen Bren and Lee-Enfield rifles, but mainly muskets and daggers), try to put resistance, but are beaten back. Five marines were killed and eight wounded in the attack. British sources do not tell about insurgent losses in this incident, but Clodfelter estimates losses in the Brunei

Revolt as 40 insurgents and six Marines. Compiled by Vladimir Nosov (Russia)

http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Borneo/index.html

[edit] Executions at Temburong

On December 8, from two till five in the morning, shots could be heard near police stations all over Brunei. According to news received from Temburong, the District Officer Pengiran Haji Besar bin Pengiran Haji Kula, a few others from Brunei security forces and a number of civilians were executed for refusing to join in the rebellion.

By five in the morning, TNKU already managed to control Pekan Besar. More words came out that a number of civil servants at Pekan Besar managed to escape capture. Around an hour later at downtown, Deputy Chief Minister Pengiran Dato Setia Haji Mohd Ali bin Pengiran Dato Setia Haji Muhammad Yusuf bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim was granted audience by the Sultan. After the meeting, the Sultan made a public appearance through radio to condemn TNKU, which was the armed wing of Parti Rakyat Brunei, for treason.

[edit] Consequences of the revolt

The revolt ended after five months when the last rebel leader, Yassin Affandi, being shot in hip, was captured by British troops in mangrove swamps.