Born secret
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"Born secret" and "born classified" are both terms which refer to a policy of information being classified from the moment of its inception, usually regardless of where it was being created, usually in reference to specific laws in the United States.
It has been extensively used in reference to a clause in the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 which specified that all information about nuclear weapons and nuclear energy was to be considered "Restricted Data" (RD) until it had been officially declassified. In the 1954 revision of the act, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was given the power to declassify entire categories of information. The "born secret" policy was created under the assumption that nuclear information could be so important to national security that it would need classification before it could be formally evaluated. The wording of the 1954 act specified that:
- All data concerning (1) design, manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; (2) the production of special nuclear material; or (3) the use of special nuclear material in the production of energy, but shall not include data declassified or removed from the Restricted Data category pursuant to section 2162 of this title. (Quist 2002, ch. 4)
Whether or not it is constitutional to declare entire categories of information pre-emptively classified is not clearly known. When it was directly challenged in a freedom of the press case in 1979 (USA v. The Progressive et al) where a magazine attempted to publish an account of the so-called "secret of the hydrogen bomb" (the Teller-Ulam design) which was apparently created without recourse to classified information, many analysts predicted that the Supreme Court would, if it heard the case, reject the "born secret" clause as being an unconstitutional restriction of speech. The government, however, dropped the case as moot before it was resolved. (DeVolpi 1981)
[edit] References
- Quist, Arvin (2002). Security Classification of Information: Vol. 1. Introduction, History, and Adverse Impacts. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
- Alexander De Volpi, Jerry Marsh, Ted Postol, and George Stanford (1981). Born secret: the H-bomb, the Progressive case and national security. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-025995-2.
[edit] External links
- Interview with George Stanford from 1994 on his experiences in the Progressive trial.
