Blackbirding

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Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through alleged trickery and kidnappings to work on plantations, particularly the sugar cane plantations of Queensland in Australia.".^[1]

Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 External links 4 References

[edit] History

Queensland was a self-governing British colony in northeastern Australia until 1901 when it became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia. Over a period of 40 years, from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, native non-European labourers for the sugar cane fields of Queensland, were "recruited" from Fiji, New Caledonia, and the Samoan Islands.^[2] The "recruitment" process almost always included an element of coercive recruitment (not unlike the press-gangs once employed by the Royal Navy in England) and indentured servitude. Some 62,000 South Sea Islanders were taken to Australia.

These people were referred to as Kanakas (the French equivalent Canaques still applies to the autochthonous Melanesians in New Caledonia) and came from the Western Pacific islands: from Melanesia, mainly the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, with a small number from the Polynesian and Micronesian islands such as Samoa, Kiribati and Tuvalu Loyalty Islands. Many of the workers were effectively slaves, but since the Slavery Abolition Act made slavery illegal, they were officially called "indentured labourers" or the like. Some Australian Aboriginal people, especially from Cape York Peninsula, were also kidnapped and transported south to work on the plantations.

The question of how many Islanders were actually kidnapped or "blackbirded" is unknown and remains controversial. Official documents and accounts from the period often conflict with the oral tradition passed down to the descendants of workers. Stories of blatantly violent kidnapping tended to relate to the first 10–15 years of the trade. The majority of those abducted to Australia were repatriated between 1906-08 under the provisions of the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 ([1]); but there are still many descendants of the blackbirded labourers living in Queensland coastal towns.

[edit] See also

• South Sea Islander
• Coolies
• Mal Meninga
• Kanakas

[edit] External links

• Background and history of the South Sea Islanders Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet

[edit] References

1. ^ Willoughby, Emma. Our Federation Journey 1901 - 2001 (PDF). Museum Victoria. Retrieved on 2006-06-14.
2. ^ Griffiths, Phil (2002-07-04). Towards White Australia: The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration (RTF). 11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association. Retrieved on 2006-06-14.

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