Black Boy

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Black Boy is an autobiographical book by Richard Wright. Depicting Wright's life in great detail, the book tells the story of his troubled youth and race relations in the United States.

[edit] Summary

Wright depicted himself as an outcast growing up in Mississippi with family members who embraced religion. Being misunderstood and dismissed was common for him in the household. A few of the most disturbing aspects of his early childhood included him burning down his home accidentally and the hanging of a stray kitten that his father carelessly instructed him to kill—not to be taken literally, however; Richard's father just wanted the kitten to be quiet so that he could resume sleep. Richard's hatred for his father led him to take a more literal interpretation of the command in order to defy him. His plan backfired when his mother and brother instilled guilt in the young Richard; his mother went as far as telling him to take down the stiff kitten and give it a proper burial.

Young Richard's father ended up leaving the family for another woman, further aggravating Richard's hatred for him. Even when Richard's mother was struggling and battling sickness to support him and his brother, he refused to live with his father and his new wife—offering a more comfortable living situation—on principle. He described his father as a simple man who had allowed himself to be mentally enslaved; pity was another potent emotion that Richard expressed regarding his father.

When his mother became too ill to work anymore, the family went to live with Richard's grandmother. While at first the Seventh-day Adventist woman was happy to see her daughter and grandchildren, and food was more plentiful than it was before, conditions later changed and Richard found himself drinking water all day to avoid hunger pangs. He knew that he had to start working at a young age in order to provide for himself, but his extremely religious grandmother forbade it as it conflicted with her religious views. Richard's obvious disinterest in church later convinced her that he was a lost soul and she reluctantly allowed him to secure a job. His lack of religious commitment was noticeable not only to his grandmother but other relatives who had come to live with them during hard times. His aunt and grandmother marked him "dead" because of his agnosticism. During these trying times, his mother—too weak to work—became his only ally. His brother was taken in by relatives as it became clear that Richard's mother had health issues that were not improving: she could no longer take care of her children, let alone herself.

Richard experienced sporadic schooling throughout his young life due to the constant moving that his family did to try to avoid—in vain—constantly looming poverty. He started and stopped school often and soon realized that with the proper reading materials he could teach himself. Various demeaning jobs—one of which involved him delivering racist newspapers to the colored community—and family alienation, accelerated his escape into horror and mystery short stories and novels. He said that as a youth he "could not read enough of them." This sparked Wright's interest in defining his experience, through writing, as a poor black boy in a southern state experiencing racial tension. He started writing his own short stories that frightened his simplistic grandmother who could not understand why her grandson was interested in writing about mystery and horror. Edgar Allan Poe was very influential to Wright when he started to balance his avid reading with some writing of his own.

Richard was a fast learner and even though he was not able to go to school the required number of years, he was promoted to graduation because of his ability and intelligence. The principal even chose him to read a speech to the graduating class. Richard agreed and wrote a speech for the occasion. When the principal handed Richard a speech that he had written for him to recite at graduation, Wright refused and was not permitted to graduate due to his decision that he could not read a degrading speech created by the principal. Through menial jobs, Richard was eventually able to support his gravely ill mother and his little brother.

Dreams of moving north to escape debilitating conditions in the south had flirted with Wright's thoughts for years, so he took a chance with raggedy clothing—revealing his true desperation—and knocked at the first inviting residence he arrived at up north. He was disappointed to find that slave mentality and religious devotion were not confined to the south. The mother and daughter he briefly moved in with immediately assumed that he was religious, therefore a good person, and right away wanted him—a complete stranger—to stay indefinitely and marry the young daughter who Richard pitied as he did his own father for her simplicity. Here he was an unknown poor boy from the south who just wanted a place to lay his head until he got on his feet in a new environment, and a mother and daughter—knowing nothing about him—shallowly conclude that he was good enough to keep, permanently. It was a critical time for Richard as it marked quite a few beginning and endings in his life: His idealistic view of the north was crumbling in the face of the simplistic family he moved in with and his disillusionment with the American dream began (Wright later moved to Paris, France). This disillusionment would be further explored during Wright's experiences with the Communist Party in American Hunger. However, it marked the beginning of his writing career in Chicago and independence from a hostile family.

[edit] Significance

Richard Wright's experience with racism and poverty was unique in that he was one of the few black agnostics/atheists known during his prominence (1940s). So his perspective introduced a dissonance within black communities that had not previously been explored in such detail. In The Souls of Black Folk W.E.B. DuBois discussed the debilitating nature of black religion, but not in the deeply personalized way that Wright discussed it.

JAMIE VICTOR... an young fine black boy that goes to WHBHS and plays track and is the only black kid in the track team. He is muscular and getz mad at things really fast. the young man thinks he is going to play NBA basketball but he doesnt play in his high school team.. Y.. idk ask him his number is 1800-musculaboi..

[edit] American Hunger

In 1977, the second half of Wright's autobiography was published posthumously under the title American Hunger, which deals mainly with Wright's membership and eventual disillusionment with the Communist Party. Originally, Wright intended to publish both sections as one volume. However, the Book-of-the-Month Club offered to feature his book — Wright's 1940 novel Native Son was the first Book-of-the-Month Club selection written by an African-American — if he agreed to end with his train journey to Chicago, omitting any mention of his difficulties and disappointment in the North. Wright agreed, calling it Black Boy and concluding the book on a positive note. Black Boy went on to sell 195,000 retail copies in its first edition and 351,000 copies through the Book-of-the-Month Club.^[1]