Binary operation
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In mathematics, a binary operation is a calculation involving two input quantities, in other words, an operation whose arity is two. Binary operations can be accomplished using either a binary function or binary operator. Binary operations are sometimes called dyadic operations in order to avoid confusion with the binary numeral system. Examples include the familiar arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
More precisely, a binary operation on a set S is a binary function from S and S to S, in other words a function f from the Cartesian product S × S to S. Sometimes, especially in computer science, the term is used for any binary function. That f takes values in the same set S that provides its arguments is the property of closure.
Binary operations are the keystone of algebraic structures studied in abstract algebra: they form part of groups, monoids, semigroups, rings, and more. Most generally, a magma is a set together with any binary operation defined on it.
Many binary operations of interest in both algebra and formal logic are commutative or associative. Many also have identity elements and inverse elements. Typical examples of binary operations are the addition (+) and multiplication (*) of numbers and matrices as well as composition of functions on a single set.
Examples of operations that are not commutative are subtraction (-), division (/), exponentiation(^), and super-exponentiation(@).
Binary operations are often written using infix notation such as a * b, a + b, or a · b rather than by functional notation of the form f(a,b). Sometimes they are even written just by juxtaposition: ab. They can also be expressed using prefix or postfix notations. A prefix notation, Polish notation, dispenses with parentheses; it is probably more often encountered now in its postfix form, reverse Polish notation.
[edit] External binary operations
An external binary operation is a binary function from K and S to S. This differs from a binary operation in the strict sense in that K need not be S; its elements come from outside.
An example of an external binary operation is scalar multiplication in linear algebra. Here K is a field and S is a vector space over that field.
An external binary operation may alternatively be viewed as an action; K is acting on S.
