Beiyang Government

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The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府; pinyin: beiyang zhengfu) or warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai. It was internationally recognized as the legitimate government of the Republic of China. The name comes from the Beiyang Army which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai. Though Yuan's death fractured the army into competing factions, the government was always under the control of Beiyang generals with a "constitutional" or civilian facade. Overall, it was extremely corrupt, incompetent, and tyrannical. Most of the revenue was spent on the military forces of whichever faction that was currently in power. The short lived legislatures did have civilian cliques and debates but were subject to bribery, forced resignations, or disolution altogether. The brightest spot was its foreign ministry which had a renowned diplomatic corps with figures such as Wellington Koo. Because the generals required their skills, the foreign ministry was given substantial independence.

Domestically, its legitimacy was challenged by Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou based government beginning in 1917. Sun's successor, Chiang Kai-shek, moved their rival capital to Nanjing in 1927. After the Northern Expedition finished in 1928, international recognition was given to the Nanjing based regime.