Battle of Ushant (1778)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battle of Ushant
Part of American Revolutionary War
Date July 27th, 1778 Location Bay of Biscay, 100 miles west of Ushant Result Indecisive
Combatants
Britain	France
Commanders
The Hon. Augustus Keppel	Comte d'Orvilliers
Strength
30 ships of the line	29 ships of the line
Casualties
-	-

European waters, 1778–1782
First Ushant – Cape St. Vincent – Dogger Bank – Second Ushant – Cape Spartel – Fort St. Philip

The Battle of Ushant (or First Battle of Ushant) took place on July 27, 1778, during the American War of Independence, fought between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, a French island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France.

Origins

The British had 30 ships of the line commanded by Admiral the Honourable Augustus Keppel in HMS Victory. The French had 29 ships commanded by Admiral Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers.

Keppel put to sea from Spithead on July 9, 1778, with a force of 30 ships of the line and sighted a French fleet of 29 sail west of Ushant on July 23. Comte d'Orvilliers, who had orders to avoid battle, was cut off from Brest but retained the weather gage. Two of his ships to windward escaped into port leaving him with 27.

Battle

The two fleets manoeuvered during shifting winds and a heavy rain squall until a battle became inevitable with the British more or less in column and the French in some confusion. However, the French managed to pass along the British line to windward with their most advanced ships. At around noon, HMS Victory opened fire on Bretagne, 110, followed by Ville de Paris, 90. The British van escaped with little loss but Sir Hugh Palliser's rear division suffered considerably. Keppel made the signal to wear and follow the French, but Palliser did not conform and the action was not resumed.

Aftermath

A violent quarrel exacerbated by political differences broke out among the British commands, which led to two courts-martial and to the resignation of Keppel, and did great injury to the discipline of the navy. Keppel was court-martialled but cleared of dereliction of duty charges, and Palliser criticised by an enquiry before the affair turned into a squabble of party politics.