Battle of Halbe

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Battle of Halbe
Part of World War II
Image:MappaBattagliaBerlino.PNG
Final Soviet offensives around Berlin.
Date April 24 to May 1, 1945
Location Halbe, Germany
Result Soviet victory
Combatants
Germany Soviet Union
Commanders
Theodor Busse Ivan Konev
Strength
80,000 280,000
Casualties
30,000 killed
25,000 Captured
up to 10,000 civilian dead		 20,000 killed
Eastern Front
Barbarossa – Finland – Leningrad and Baltics – Crimea and Caucasus – Moscow – 1st Rzhev-Vyazma – 2nd Kharkov – Stalingrad – Velikiye Luki – 2nd Rzhev-Sychevka – Kursk – 2nd Smolensk – Dnieper – 2nd Kiev – Korsun – Hube's Pocket – Belorussia – Lvov-Sandomierz – Balkans – Hungary – Vistula-Oder – Königsberg – Berlin – Prague
Battle of Berlin
Seelow Heights – Berlin – Halbe

The Battle of Halbe lasted from April 24 to May 1, 1945[1]. It was fought in the Spree Forest near the village of Halbe, south-east of Berlin, and was a part of the Battle for Berlin, known as the 'Berlin Offensive Operation' by the Soviet Army.

Leading the surrounded German 9th Army, Colonel General Theodor Busse tried to link up with the German 12th Army commanded by General Walther Wenck with the intention of heading west and surrendering to the Western Allies.

Contents

[edit] Prelude

On April 16 the Soviets started the Battle of Berlin with a three Soviet Front attack across the Oder-Neisse line. By April 21 they had broken through the German front line in two places and had started to surround Berlin. The German 9th Army covered the defenses of the Seelow Heights against Marshal Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front (1BF) but its position was unhinged by the successful attack of Marshal Ivan Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front (1UF) against Army Group Centre on the Neisse. By April 20 it had to withdraw south-east of Berlin, opening the way for 1st BF. [2]

Because of the high speed of the advance of Konev's forces this meant 9th Army was now threatened with envelopment by the two massive Soviet pincers that were heading for Berlin from the south and east. The southern pincer consisted of the 3rd and 4th Guards Tank Armies which had penetrated the furthest and had already cut through the area behind the German 9th Army's front lines.[2]

[edit] Encirclement

[edit] German Dispositions

The command of the V Corps trapped with the 9th Army north of Forst, passed from 4th Panzer Army (part of Army Group Centre) to the 9th Army (part of Army Group Vistula under the command of General Gotthard Heinrici). The corps was still holding on to Cottbus. While the bulk of Army Group Centre was being forced, by the advance of the 1st UF, to withdraw along its lines of communication to the south-west towards Czechoslovakia, the southern flank of 4th Panzer Army had some local successes counter attacking north against the 1st UF, Hitler gave some orders which showed that his grasp of military reality had gone. He ordered 9th Army to hold Cottbus and set up a front facing west then they were to attack into the Soviet columns advancing North. This would allow them to form the northern pincer which would meet with the 4th Panzer Army coming from the south and envelop the 1UF before destroying it. They were to anticipate an attack south by the 3rd Panzer Army and to be ready to be the southern arm of a pincer attack which would envelop the 1BF, which would then be destroyed by SS Lieutenant-General Felix Steiner's III SS Corps advancing from the north of Berlin. Later in the day, Steiner made it plain that he did not have the divisions to make this effort. Heinrici then explained to Hitler's staff that unless the 9th Army retreated immediately it was about to be enveloped by the Soviets. He stressed it was already too late for the unit to move north-west to Berlin and would have to retreat west. Heinrici went on to say that if Hitler did not allow it to move west he would ask to be relieved of his command.

At his afternoon situation conference on April 22, Hitler fell into a tearful rage when he realised that his plans of the day before were not going to be realised. He declared that the war was lost, he blamed the generals and announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then kill himself. In an attempt to coax Hitler out of his rage, the Chief of Staff of the OKW, General Alfred Jodl, speculated that the 12th Army which was facing the Americans could move to Berlin because the Americans already on the Elbe river were unlikely to move further east. Hitler immediately grasped the idea and within hours the army's commander, General Walther Wenck, was ordered to disengage from the Americans and move 12th Army north-east to support Berlin. It was then realised that if the 9th Army moved west it could link up with the 12th Army. In the evening Heinrici was given permission to make the link up. Away from the map room in the Berlin Führerbunker with its fantasy attacks of phantom divisions, the Soviets were getting on with winning the war.

Although in Hitler's mind the 12th Army was going to break through to Berlin and the 9th Army once it had broken through to the 12th Army was going to help them, there is no evidence that Generals Heinrici, Busse or Wenck thought that this was at all possible. However, Hitler's agreement to allow the 9th Army to break through to the 12th Army would allow a window through which sizable numbers of German troops could escape to the west and surrender to the Americans, which is exactly what Wenck and Busse agreed to do. This was made easier when shortly after midnight on April 25 Busse was given authority "to decide for himself the best direction of attack".[3]

[edit] The Situation of 9th Army

Before being encircled, the 9th Army had already suffered heavy losses in the Battle of the Seelow Heights. It is estimated that at the start of the encirclement it had fewer than 1,000 guns and mortars, 79 tanks and probably a total of 150-200 combat-ready armoured fighting vehicles left. In all there were about 80,000 men in the pocket, the majority of whom were members of the 9th Army consisting of the XI SS Panzer Corps, V SS Mountain Corps and the newly acquired V Corps, but there were also the Frankfurt Garrison.[4] The number of tanks reported included 36 tanks in XI SS Corps, including up to 14 King Tigers of the 502nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion[5]. Air supply was attempted on April 25 and 26, but could not be carried out because the planes that had taken off could not find the drop point for supply, and no contact to the encircled army could be established.

The pocket into which the 9th Army had been pushed by troops of the 1st BF and 1st UF was a region of lakes and forest in the Spree Forest south-east of Fürstenwalde. The Soviets, having broken through and surrounded their primary objective of Berlin then turned to mopping up those forces pushed into the pocket. On the afternoon of April 25 the Soviet 3rd, 33rd, and 69th Armies as well as the Guards Cavalry Corps (which was a formation capable of infiltration through difficult terrain such as forests), following orders issued by Marshal Georgy Zhukov the commander of the 1st BF, attacked the pocket from the north east. Konev knew that to break out to the west the 9th Army would have to cross the Berlin–Dresden autobahn south of a chain of lakes starting at Teupitz and running north-east. On the same day as Zhukov's attack in the north-east, he sent the 3rd Guards Army to support the 28th Army which was ready to close the likely breakout route over the Berlin–Dresden autobahn.

[edit] Soviet Dispositions

Soviet forces ordered to attack 9th Army numbered around 280,000 men, 7,400 guns and mortars, 280 tanks and self-propelled guns, and 1,500 aircraft. The force included six Air Corps, and the 1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, which was committed on April 25. [6]

In the area to the west of the encirclement, Soviet forces were already positioned in depth, with (from the north)

  • Soviet 28th Army's 128th Rifle Corps in the area Mittenwalde and Matzen;
  • 3rd Guards Rifle Corps in the area Tornow, Radeland, Baruth, Golssen;
  • 3rd Guards Army's 120th Rifle Corps south of Halbe;
  • 21st Rifle Corps along the Berlin to Dresden autobahn to the west of Lübben;
  • 13th Army's 102nd Rifle Corps with 117th Guards Rifle Division stood near Luckenwalde,
  • while 27th Rifle Corps's 280th Rifle Division stood at Jüterbog, where the Wehrmacht's main artillery school was located.

In terms of mechanized formations, 3rd Guards Tank Army's 9th Mechanised Corps had its 71st Mechanized Brigade between Teupitz and Neuhof; 4th Guards Tank Army's 68th Guards Tank Brigade stood near Kummersdorf Gut; and 3rd Guards Army's 25th Tank Corps near Duben. Both 3rd Guards Army and 13th Army were to be heavily reinforced throughout the battle, as they were to be in the line of the German break-out. A reinforcement of particular note was the deployment of 1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division[7] under command of 3rd Guards Army in the sector Teurow to Briesen. [8][9]

[edit] Breakout

[edit] 12th Army's Attack and 9th Army's Plan

The relief attempt by 12th Army started on April 24 with General Wenck's XX Corps attacking east and northwards. During the night the Theodor Körner RAD Division attacked the Soviet 5th Guards Mechanised Corps, under the command of General I. P. Yermakov, near Treuenbrietzen. The next day the Scharnhorst Division started to engage the Soviets in and around Beelitz and caught 4th Guards Tank Army's 6th Guards Mechanized Corps in an open flank, overrunning rear area units. While the Ulrich von Hutten Division tried to reach Potsdam with Scharnhorst Division on its eastern flank, to open a corridor into Berlin, other elements of the 12th Army, as Wenck had agreed with Busse, pushed east to meet the 9th Army.

In the words of Busse to Wenck, 9th Army was planning to push west "like a caterpillar". According to General Busse's plan the heavy King Tiger tanks of 502nd SS heavy Panzer battalion should lead this caterpillar. The metaphor is quite apt because as the head lead the way the rear-guard in the tail was going to be engaged in just as heavy fighting trying to disengage from following Soviet forces. [10]

In the night of April 25/26 a new order was issued to 9th and 12th Armies from Hitler. It stipulated that:

  • 12th Army was to cut off 4th Guards Tank Army by reaching the line Beelitz to Ferch, and to attack eastwards to unite with 9th Army.
  • 9th Army was to hold on to its eastern front between Spreewald and Fürstenwalde, and to attack westward to link up with 12th Army.
  • Once both armies were combined, they were to attack northwards and open a corridor through the Red Army's encirclement ring around Berlin.[11]

The final army conference of 9th Army took place at 1500 hours on April 28. At this point contact had been lost with V Corps, and V SS Mountain Corps. The conference found that the only possible break-out route had to lead through Halbe. This was not difficult to deduce for the Soviet command as well, while on the other hand 9th Army had virtually no information about the Soviet disposition of forces between it and 12th Army. From the conference onward, command and control in 9th Army collapsed. There was almost no contact from 9th Army HQ to Army Group Vistula, and little contact with formations under 9th Army command. There were few or no maps to guide planning and combat operations.

In his book Slaughter at Halbe Tony le Tissier, accused General Busse of failing to exercise effective command and control of the encircled army, thereby contributing to the failure of successive break-out attempts[12]. Le Tissier writes that Busse initial move of his head-quarters (HQ) put him into a situation where he lost the ability to control all formations in the pocket, and in his break-out plan 9th Army HQ was to be placed immediately behind the spearhead of the breakout, the 502nd SS Heavy Tank Battalion, this effectively reduced his ability to exercise command to the local level. He also accuses Busse of failing to adequately support the first breakout attempt (see below). The spearhead for the 9th Army breakout plan on April 28 was to be 502nd SS heavy Panzer battalion with remaining elements of Kurmark division, split into two wedges, the northern one with 502nd SS heavy Panzer battalion, 9th Army head-quarters (HQ), XI SS Panzer Corps HQ, Panzer Grenadier Division Kurmark HQ. Remnants of 21st Panzer Division were to cover in a north-westerly direction, while remnants of 32nd SS Division 30. Januar were to cover the east and provide the rear-guard.[13]

[edit] The First Breakout Attempt

On the evening of April 25, Busse ordered the two battlegroups: Kampfgruppe von Luck, consisting of 21st Panzer Division. and Kampfgruppe Pipkorn, containing 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division, both named after their commanders, to attempt a break-out in the direction of the road centre of Baruth to obtain the use of roads to Luckenwalde and Jüterbog. von Luck consisted mainly of 125th Panzer Grenadier Regiment and tanks from 22nd Panzer Regiment and started from Halbe, while Pipkorn consisted of the remains of the 35th SS Division with tanks from 10th SS Panzer Division, and started from Schleepitz. The orders to Colonel von Luck were to open a corridor and keep it open for the sole use of military units of 9th Army. No civilians were to be allowed to use it. von Luck made good progress across the Berlin–Dresden autobahn until it hit the Soviet defenses of 50th Guards Rifle Division at Baruth, which had been reinforced by dug-in Stalin tanks. Pipkorn hit defenses of 329th Rifle Division early on and the battle group was scattered, with some armoured elements including Panther tanks reaching Baruth. A pitched battle developed at Baruth, which was impossible for the German battlegroups to win. Busse ordered von Luck to stay near Baruth but discontinue the attack when informed of this, however von Luck disobeyed the order and disbanded his battle group, allowing soldiers to try and attempt a breakout individually.

On the following day battle continued around Baruth, and tank-hunting teams blew up some of the dug-in Soviet tanks. Some supply canisters were delivered by air, but the strength of the battle group was insufficient to hold off a Soviet counter-attack. Heavy air attacks, a strike by 4th Bomber Air Corps around noon with 55 aircraft, and repeated strikes by 1st and 2nd Air Assault Corps with 8-10 aircraft each, a total of ca. 500 missions, caused heavy casualties and chaos. The forces of the two battle groups were destroyed, with Soviet reports claiming 5,000 prisoners (POW) taken, 40 tanks and self-propelled guns destroyed, and almost 200 guns and mortars captured. [14] These forces and weapons would be severely missed during later break-out attempts. Pipkorn, the commander of the other battle group, was killed during the battle, and von Luck taken prisoner by the Soviets on April 27. Few of the survivors of the battle reached the Elbe.[15]

[edit] The Second Attempt

The next morning, the German vanguard found a weak point between the two armies and many Germans were able to cross the autobahn before the Soviets managed to plug the gap. The fighting was very heavy and included incessant air attacks by the 2nd Air Army as well as tree-bursting shells which rained wood splinters through the area. During the whole battle the Soviet air force flew 2,459 attack missions and 1,683 bombing sorties[16]. The Germans found that they could not use their armour as well as they had hoped, because it was vulnerable to destruction on the roads and could not get a good grip on the sandy soil of the pine forests in the region. The German vanguard managed to reach and cross the Mark–Zossen road (Reichstrasse 96) where it was spotted by a Luftwaffe plane. Hitler was furious when he realised that Busse was attempting to break out west and not aid him in Berlin. His command sent several messages demanding that the army turn towards Berlin, but received no answer.

During the night and the next day (April 27), the Germans renewed their attack along two axes south from the village of Halbe towards Baruth, and in the north from Teupitz. This attack failed to produce a mass breakout although, like the day before, some groups did manage to slip through Soviet lines.

The front lines were not continuous because the dense forest terrain meant that visibility was down to metres, so the danger of ambush and sudden assault was a problem for both sides. Smoke from burning sections of the forest, set alight by shell fire, helped the German and hindered the Soviets because it shielded the Germans from aerial reconnaissance and attack. This was cold comfort for any wounded German soldier who could not move fast enough to avoid the flames. It also hindered many German groups because without a compass and no sun, it was very difficult to judge which direction to move. The sandy soil precluded the digging of foxholes and there was no time to construct anything more elaborate, so there was little to no protection from wooden splinters created by artillery and tank HE shells which the Soviet forces deliberately aimed to explode at tree top height.[17]

[edit] The Third Attempt

On the night of April 28 the Germans tried another mass breakout from around Halbe. They managed to break through the 50th Guards Rifle Division and created a corridor from Halbe to the west but they paid a very high price. During the 28th and 29th the Soviets reinforced the flanks and attacked from the south, pouring in Katyusha rockets and shells concentrating on the area around the Halbe.

By this time the Germans were spread over a wide area. The rearguard was at Storkow and the vanguard had linked up with the 12th Army at Beelitz. There were large groups around Halbe. The Soviet battle plan was to split the caterpillar into segments and then destroy each segment individually. The German battle plan was to continue moving west as fast as possible keeping the corridor open.

The situation in Halbe was desperate for the Germans, orders were still being issued to recognisable formations, but these were by now all mixed up. There was considerable tension between Waffen-SS and Wehrmacht soldiers with both accusing the other of helping their own comrades while ignoring the plight of the other. In Halbe itself some of the civilians took pity on very young solders ("kindersoldaten") and allowed them to change out of their uniforms into civilian clothes. In one documented case an SS man appeared at the door of a cellar intending to shoot a Panzerfaust into a cellar with about 40 civilians and young Wehrmacht soldiers in it, only to be shot dead by one of the soldiers [18].

During the following days, the fighting became more and more confused. If the Germans came into contact with Soviet forces and overran a Soviet position, the Soviets counter-attacked not only with ground forces but with artillery and aircraft. Losses on both sides were very high. By the time the fighting was over, (around the end of April, beginning of May), about 25,000 German soldiers had managed to escape to join up with the 12th Army on the eastern side of Reichstrasse 2 the road running north south through Beelitz. Although this was the end of the battle it was not the end of the breakout. The 12th and 9th Armies' remnants then fought a fighting retreat westwards towards the Elbe so that they could surrender to the Americans.

[edit] Aftermath

The casualties on both sides were very high. There are about 30,000 Germans buried in the cemetery at Halbe. About 20,000 soldiers of the Red Army died trying to stop the breakout; most are buried at a cemetery next to the Mark-Zossen road. These are the known dead, but the remains of more who died in the battle are found every year so the total of those who died will never be known. Nobody knows how many civilians died but it could have been as high as 10,000.[19]

"The most astonishing part of the story is not the numbers who died or were forced to surrender but the 25,000 soldiers and several thousand civilians who succeeded in getting through three lines of Soviet troops."[20]

[edit] Formations Involved in the Battle

[edit] Soviet

Ground Forces[21]

  • 1st Belorussian Front - Marshal G.K. Zhukov
    • 3rd Army – Colonel General A.V. Gorbatov
    • 69th Army – Colonel General V.Y. Kolpakchi
    • 33rd Army – Colonel General V.D. Svotaev
    • 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps – Lieutenant General V.V.Kruhkov
  • 1st Ukrainian Front - Marshal I.S. Konev
    • 3rd Guards Army – Colonel General V.N.Gordov
    • 13th Army - Colonel General N.P.Phukhov
    • 28th Army – Lieutenant General A.A.Luchinsky
    • 3rd Guards Tank Army – Colonel General P.S. Rybalko
    • 4th Guards Tank Army - Colonel General D.D. Lelyushenko

Air Forces - Air Chief Marshal A.A. Novikov

  • 2nd Air Army - Colonel General S.A.Krasovsky
  • 16th Air Army - Colonel General S.I. Rudenko
  • 18th Air Army – Air Vice Marshall A.Y. Golovanov

[edit] German

  • 9th Army – Colonel General Theodor Busse
    • XI SS Panzer Corps – SS-General Mathias Kleinheisterkamp
    • V SS Mountain Corps – SS-General Friedrich Jackeln
    • V Army Corps – Lieutenant General Eduard Wagner
  • 12th Army – General Walther Wenck
    • XX Corps – General Karl-Erik Köhler
    • XXXIX Panzer Corps – Lieutenant General Karl Arndt
    • XXXXI Panzer Corps – Lieutenant General Holste
    • XXXXVIII Panzer Corps – General Maximilian von Edelsheim

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Notes

  1. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p. 206
  2. ↑ a  Ziemke, E.F. p. 476-7
  3. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 330
  4. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 329
  5. ↑  according to Tissier, Tony le, p.145-146 the number of King Tigers in the pocket can not be established with certainty. A strength report from Klein Hammer reports two companies with seven each, but other reports from eyewitnesses indicate a lower number of ten or twelve. What is certain is that 11 King Tigers can be accounted for as lost based on German eyewitness accounts.
  6. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p.81
  7. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p.81 and map p.80; Artillery Breakthrough Divisions were specialised formations created to support the breakthrough battle of Soviet fronts. They belonged to the STAVKA Reserve and were not normally allocated for any other purpose. Such a division would not only add significantly to the number of guns, but would also bring with it sophisticated fire control and observation units that would enable a more rapid concentration of artillery fire in a sector. In the case of the battle of Halbe, the 1st GBAD contributed to the ability of 3rd Guards Army to continuously harass the encircled German forces with artillery fire, causing significant casualties to them.
  8. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, Appendices
  9. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, Disposition Map of 25 April, p.83
  10. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 330
  11. ↑  Tissier, Tony le. p.89-90
  12. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p.117; The particular failings outlined by le Tissier (who is a retired British Military Police officer) are of a "tardy" transfer of his HQ into Spreewald indicating "indecisiveness and reluctance to assume responsibility for the breakout". This delay led to an inability to exercise control from the new location due to congestion in the area. Furthermore, a failure to support the first breakout attempt by battle groups 'von Luck' and 'Pipkorn'. Finally, le Tissier criticises him for placing his HQ into the most secure position of the break-out, and for "abandoning" the rearguard to its fate.
  13. ↑  Tissier, Tony le. p. 117-9
  14. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p.91-2
  15. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, p.84-8
  16. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 334
  17. ↑  This increased the amount of splinters caused by the explosions by adding wood splinters from the trees to the metal splinters from the projectiles. Because of the explosions location above the target it was very difficult, if not impossible to find cover protecting from these splinters. Similar casualties had been suffered by the American Army when it was attacked by Germans using artillery in a similar way during the Battle of Hürtgen Forest on the Western Front six months earlier.
  18. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 334
  19. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 337
  20. ↑  Beevor, A. Page 337
  21. ↑  Tissier, Tony le, Appendices

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