Battle of Fuengirola
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| Battle of Fuengirola | |||||||
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| Part of the Peninsular War | |||||||
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| Combatants | |||||||
| Britain Spain |
Duchy of Warsaw France |
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| Commanders | |||||||
| Lord Blayney | Franciszek Młokosiewicz | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 3,501 British 1,000 Spanish |
350 Polish 30 French |
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| Peninsular War, 1810–1814 |
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| Fuengirola – Barrosa – Fuentes de Onoro – Albuera – Badajoz – Salamanca – Vitoria – Sorauren - Orthez - Toulouse |
In the Battle of Fuengirola (October 15, 1810) a small Polish garrison of a mediæval Moorish fortress in Fuengirola held off a much larger Spanish-British expeditionary corps under Lord Blayney.
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[edit] Before the Battle
The town of Fuengirola has been an important trade town since the Middle Ages. To defend it against invasion from the sea, the Moors built a stone castle on a hill between the Mediterranean and the Fuengirola River. During the Peninsular War the area of Costa del Sol was considered of secondary importance. It was seized by the French forces with little opposition and until 1810 the partisan activity in the region was close to none. That is why after suffering losses in the fights in the interior, some Polish units of the Duchy of Warsaw were sent there as a garrison and to rest in October 1810.
The Castillo de Sohail was manned by more than 100 Polish soldiers from the 4th Infantry Regiment. The unit was commanded by Captain Franciszek Młokosiewicz. Similar small garrisons were placed in the nearby towns of Mijas (60 infantrymen under lieutenant Eustachy Chełmicki) and Alhaurin (200 infantrymen and 40 dragoons under major I. Bronisz). All these forces formed part of the French Corps of General Horace Sebastiani stationed in Málaga. The corps numbered some 10,000 men. It was located in Southern Andalusia to prevent the Spanish partisans from receiving arms from Gibraltar.
In the autumn of 1810 the British Major General Lord Blayney decided to lead an expeditionary corps from Gibraltar towards the port of Málaga and seize it by surprise. The beaches near the small fortress of Fuengirola seemed a perfect landing place for his forces. The Spanish partisans informed the British about the weakness of the defenders and lack of reserves. In October 1810 Blayney gathered a field force of 2/89th Regiment of Foot, a battalion of international deserters from the French army, an artillery unit, naval gun crews and a Spanish Toledo Regiment. Thus the initial British-Spanish expedition numbered c. 1700 men, excluding naval staffs and crews. They boarded a small fleet consisting of two frigates (HMS Topaze and HMS Sparrowhawk), five gunboats, several brigs and transport sloops.
[edit] Battle
On October 14, 1810, the British armada reached the Cala Moral Bay, about 2 miles southwest from Fuengirola. The British disembarked, and were joined on the beach by a rather small number of Spanish partisans. Blayney led his force northeast along the shore while his fleet sailed parallel toward Fuengirola. At 2:00 p.m. they all arrived in front of the castle and the British general sent an emissary to convince the Polish commander to surrender. Młokosiewicz refused and the British ships opened fire.
Despite numerical inferiority, the Poles held out. Sergeant Zakrzewski even managed to sink one of the British gunboats. The remaining gunboats withdrew out of the range of the two lightweight Polish guns. Under the cover of gunfire from his two frigates, Blayney attempted a frontal attack on the castle's walls. However, after Major Grant, the commander of 2/89th Regiment of Foot had been killed, Lord Blayney ordered a retreat. Overnight he landed his guns and the British engineers built two artillery emplacements near the castle, from which they planned to destroy the walls. In the meantime, the Polish garrison of Mijas under Lieut. Chełmicki, alarmed by the artillery bombardment, sneaked through the British lines and joined up with the defenders. Bronisz's garrison of Alhaurin was also alarmed and in the early morning of October 15 it marched to Mijas, where it clashed with a 450-strong Spanish-German unit sent there by Blayney and dispersed it in a bayonet charge.
On the morning of October 15 the artillery bombardment became heavy and the British cannons destroyed one of the castle towers. Around 2:00 p.m., HMS Rodney and a similar Spanish warship arrived at Fuengirola and brought additional 932 men of the 1/82nd Regiment of Foot. To counter the threat, Captain Młokosiewicz decided to execute a surprise attack on the enemy artillery positions. Leaving the castle guarded mostly by the wounded, he led the remaining 130 soldiers in a sally. The besiegers were taken by surprise and, despite huge numerical superiority (approximately 10:1), the Spanish regiment protecting the hill artillery redoubt retreated in disorder. The guns were turned away from the castle and the Polish infantrymen started shelling the British positions. Although the artillery fire mostly missed its targets (there were no trained artillery officers in the Polish unit), it made the regrouping of British troops much more difficult.
After about half an hour Lord Blayney managed to reorganise his troops on the beach and ordered the assault of the artillery emplacement occupied by Polish forces. The outnumbered defenders blew up the gunpowder supplies and withdrew towards the castle. However, before the British and Spanish forces could push any further, they were attacked on their left flank by the Polish garrison of Alhaurin that had just arrived on the battlefield. Approximately 200 rested and well-equipped Poles under I. Bronisz distracted the British long enough to let the withdrawing Captain Młokosiewicz regroup his force and strike the right flank of the British line. This near-simultaneous attack of Polish units, supported by approximately 30 French cavalrymen from the 21st Dragoon Regiment, surprised the enemy infantry, which soon began to waver. After Lord Blayney was taken prisoner by the Poles, his infantry sounded retreat and started a chaotic re-embarcation under the fire of their own, captured once more, guns.
[edit] Aftermath
The heroic defence of the castle in Fuengirola was one of few moments (Maida, Albuera) in history, in which Polish soldiers fought against the forces of Great Britain. It was also one of a few decisive British defeats in the Peninsular War. Although in his memoirs Lord Blayney tried to downplay the importance of the battle of Fuengirola, he himself remained in French captivity until 1814. His surrendered sabre is currently on exhibition in the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków (Cracow).
Some British military historians have blamed the British debacle on the timely arrival of General Sébastiani's superior relief force from Málaga. However, Sébastiani's own report to Marshal Soult attests that his column has reached Fuengirola only on the morning of October 16, some time after the end of the fight. That debate nevertheless continues and in print - see, for example, Juan Antonio Martín Ruiz's "Breve historia de Fuengirola", Editorial Sarriá, 2000, pp. 62-63.)
[edit] See also
- Nafziger, George and Wesolowski, Mariusz T. "Poles and Saxons of the Napoleonic Wars", The Emperor's Press, Chicago, Ill., 1991, pp. 104-109.
