Bar (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The bar (symbol bar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb) are units of pressure. They are not SI units, but accepted (although discouraged) for use with the SI. The bar is still widely used in descriptions of pressure because it is about the same as atmospheric pressure.
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[edit] Definition
The bar and millibar are defined as:
- 1 bar = 100 000 pascals (Pa) = 1 000 000 dynes per square centimetre
- 1 mbar = 0.001 bar = 100 Pa = 1 000 dyn/cm²
(A pascal is one newton per square meter.)
[edit] Origin
The word bar has its origin in the Greek word βάρος (baros), meaning weight. Its official symbol is "bar"; the earlier "b" is now deprecated, but still often seen especially as "mb" rather than the proper "mbar" for millibars.
The bar and millibar were introduced by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and internationally adopted in 1929.
[edit] Discussion
Atmospheric air pressure is often given in millibars where "standard" sea level pressure is defined as 1013.25 mbar (hPa), equal to (1.01325 bar). Despite millibars not being an SI unit, they are still used locally in meteorology to describe atmospheric pressure. The SI unit is the pascal (Pa), with 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 1 hPa = 0.1 kPa. Meteorologists worldwide have long measured air pressure in millibars. After the introduction of SI units, many preferred to preserve the customary pressure figures. Therefore, some continue to use millibars under their own name, while others use hectopascals (which are equivalent to millibars) so they could stick to the same numeric scale. Similar pressures are given in kilopascals in practically all other fields, where the hecto prefix is hardly ever used. In particular, Canadian weather reports use kilopascals (which could also be called centibars).
Americans are familiar with the millibar in US reports of hurricanes and other cyclonic storms, where lower central pressure generally means higher winds and a stronger storm.
In everyday use, pressure is often measured with reference to atmospheric pressure. This is gauge pressure and denoted by barg, often written with no spaces, spoken "bar(s) gauge", and sometimes using symbols such as 'bar(g)'. For example, if someone says that their car tyres are pressurised to 2.3 bars they actually mean bars gauge: the pressure in the tyre is really 3.3 bars, but only 2.3 bars above atmospheric, which is the scale a tyre gauge would read. When absolute pressure is desired, it is sometimes denoted 'bara' or 'bar(a)' for "bar absolute". The alteration of units of measure for this purpose is now deprecated, with qualification of the physical property being preferred, e.g., "The gauge pressure is 2.3 bars; the absolute pressure is 3.3 bars".
Unicode has a character for "mb": (㏔), but exists only for compatibility with legacy Asian encodings; it should not be used in new texts.
Pascal (Pa) |
Bar (bar) |
Technical atmosphere (at) |
Atmosphere (atm) |
Torr (mmHg) |
Pound-force per square inch (psi) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Pa | ≡ 1 N/m² | 10−5 | 10.197×10−6 | 9.8692×10−6 | 7.5006×10−3 | 145.04×10−6 |
| 1 bar | 100 000 | ≡ 106 dyn/cm² | 1.0197 | 0.98692 | 750.06 | 14.504 |
| 1 at | 98 066.5 | 0.980665 | ≡ 1 kgf/cm² | 0.96784 | 735.56 | 14.223 |
| 1 atm | 101 325 | 1.01325 | 1.0332 | ≡ 1 atm | 760 | 14.696 |
| 1 torr | 133.322 | 1.3332×10−3 | 1.3595×10−3 | 1.3158×10−3 | ≡ 1 mmHg | 19.337×10−3 |
| 1 psi | 6 894.76 | 68.948×10−3 | 70.307×10−3 | 68.046×10−3 | 51.715 | ≡ 1 lbf/in² |
Example reading: 1 Pa = 1 N/m² = 10−5 bar = 10.197×10−6 at = 9.8692×10−6 atm ....etc.
Note: mmHg is an abbreviation for millimetres of mercury.
