Béziers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Administration
Commune of Béziers St. Nazaire Cathedral and Pont Vieux in Béziers
Location
Longitude	3,25° E
Latitude	43,35° N
Country	France
Région	Languedoc-Roussillon
Département	Hérault (sous-préfecture)
Arrondissement	Béziers
Canton	Chief town of 4 cantons
Intercommunality	Communauté d'agglomération Béziers Méditerranée
Mayor	Raymond Couderc
Statistics
Altitude	4 m–120 m (avg. 17 m)
Land area¹	95.48 km²
Population² (1999)	69,153
- Density (1999)	724.2/km²
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	340032/ 34500
¹ French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq. mi. or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
² Population sans doubles comptes: single count of residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel).

Béziers (Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. It is a commune and a sous-préfecture in the Hérault département, with a population around 70,000, called Biterrois.

1 Geography
2 History
3 Ecclesiastical history
4 Economy
- 4.1 Transportation
5 Miscellaneous
6 See also
7 Sources and external links

[edit] Geography

The town is located on a small bluff above the river Orb, about 10km from the Mediterranean Sea. At Béziers the Canal du Midi spans the river Orb as an aqueduct called the pont-canal ('canal bridge').

[edit] History

The site has been occupied since Neolithic times, before the influx of Celts. Roman Betarra was on the road that linked Provence with Iberia. The Romans refounded the city as a new colonia for veterans in 36/35 BCE and called it Colonia Julia Baeterrae Septimanorum. Stones from the Roman amphitheatre were used to construct the city wall during the 3rd century.

White wine was exported to Rome; two dolia discovered in an excavation near Rome are marked, one "I am a wine from Baeterrae and I am five years old," the other simply "white wine of Baeterrae".

During the 10th through 12th centuries Béziers was the center of a Viscountship of Béziers. The viscounts ruled most of the coastal plain around the city, including also the city of Agde. They also controlled the major east-west route through Languedoc, roughly following the old Roman Via Domitia, with the two key bridges over the Orb at Béziers and over the Hérault at Saint-Thibéry.

After the death of viscount William around 990, the viscounty passed to his daughter Garsendis and her husband, count Raimond-Roger of Carcassonne (d. ~1012). It was then ruled by their son Peter-Raimond (d. ~1060) and his son Roger (d. 1067), both of whom were also count of Carcassonne.

Roger died without children and Béziers passed to his sister Ermengard and her husband Raimond-Bertrand Trencavel. The Trencavels were to rule for the next 142 years, until the Albigensian Crusade - a formal 'Crusade' (holy war) authorised by Pope Innocent III.

Beziers was a Languedoc stronghold of the Cathars, whom Catholics considered heretics and whom Catholic forces exterminated in the War against the Cathars. Béziers was the first city to be sacked, on July 22, 1209, burning the cathedral of Saint Nazaire, which collapsed on the terrified inhabitants who had taken refuge inside. Béziers was then destroyed and its surviving inhabitants slaughtered.

The first commander of the crusade was the Papal Legate Arnaud-Amaury (or Arnald Amalaricus, Abbot of Citeaux). When asked by a Crusader how they should they treat the inhabitants of the city after they had captured it (because most of them were Catholics, not Cathars), the abbot famously replied, "Kill them all, God will recognize His own" / "Neca eos omnes. Deus suos agnoscet" (a phrase which can only be found in one source, Caesarius of Heisterbach together with a story of the heretics who have desecrated a book of Gospel and threw it from the town's walls, thus provoking the Crusaders). Later, after the fall of Carcassonne (1209), Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester was appointed to lead the Crusade.

A few parts of the Romanesque cathedral St-Nazaire survived, and it was restored, along with the rest of the city, during the 13th through 15th centuries.

[edit] Ecclesiastical history

Coat of Arms of Béziers

Local traditions assign as the first Bishop of Béziers the Egyptian saint, Aphrodisius, said to have sheltered the Holy Family at Hermopolis and to have become a Christian, also said to have accompanied Sergius Paulus to Gaul to found the Church of Narbonne. He allegedly died a martyr at Béziers.

Local traditions had St. Aphrodisius arrive at Béziers mounted on a camel. Hence the custom of leading a camel in the procession at Béziers on the feast of the saint; this lasted until the Revolution.

The first historically known bishop is Paulinus mentioned in 418; St. Guiraud was Bishop of Béziers from 1121 to 1123; St. Dominic refused the episcopal see of Béziers in order to devote himself to supporting the Albigensian Crusade which exterminated the Cathars.

Among the fifteen synods held at Béziers was that of 356 held by Saturninus of Arles, an Arian archbishop which condemned St. Hilary. Later synods of 1233, 1246 and 1255 condemned the Cathars.

A Papal Brief of 16 June, 1877, authorized the bishops of Montpellier to call themselves bishops of Montpellier, Béziers, Agde, Lodève and Saint-Pons, in memory of the different dioceses united in the present Diocese of Montpellier.

[edit] Economy

Today Béziers is a principal center of the Languedoc viticulture and winemaking industries.

[edit] Transportation

The A9 autoroute passes through Béziers. The final link in the A75 autoroute from Pezenas will be complete within a few years and provide direct links with Clermont-Ferrand and Paris.

Béziers-Agde-Vias Airport, owned by the Chamber of Commerece and Industry, currently provides daily direct flights to Paris, Orly. With a planned extensison to the runway due to open in 2007, it is expected that a low-cost airline will offer flights to the United Kingdom and Germany.