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A number of smaller nations were given autonomy within the main republics of the Soviet Union. Each of these nations was identified as an Autonomous Oblast or AO.
- Nagorno-Karabakh AO (today Nagorno-Karabakh)
- Dzierzynszczyzna (1932-1935; Polish Autonomous District)
- South Ossetian AO (today South Ossetia)
- Adygey AO (now Adygeya)
- Chechen AO (1922-1936; today Chechnya)
- Chechen-Ingush AO (1944-1957; formed into the Chechen-Ingush ASSR)
- Cherkess AO (today Cherkessia; Cherkess National District 1926-1928; Cherkess AO 1928-1957)
- Chuvash AO (1920-1925; today Chuvashia)
- Gorno-Altai AO (today Altai Republic)
- Ingush AO (1924-1936; today Ingushetia)
- Jewish AO
- Kabardino-Balkar AO (1921-1936; today Kabardino-Balkaria)
- Kalmyk AO (1920-1935; today Kalmykia)
- Kara-Kyrgyz AO (1924-1926; renamed to Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast in 1924, became an autonomous republic in 1926 (Kyrgyz ASSR), a full union republic in 1936 (Kyrgyz SSR), and today the Republic of Kyrgyzstan)
- Karachay-Cherkessia AO (1922-1926, 1957-1991; today Karachay-Cherkessia)
- Khakasiya AO (today Khakassia)
- Komi-Zyryan AO (1922-1929; today Komi Republic)
- Mari AO (1920-1936; today Mari El)
- North Ossetian AO (1924-1936; today North Ossetia-Alania)
- Tuvan AO (1944-1961; today Tuva)
- Udmurt AO (1920-1934; today Udmurtia)
- Gorno-Badakhshan AO (today Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province)
- Marchlewszczyzna (1926-1935; Polish Autonomous District)
- Moldavian AO (1924; became an autonomous republic (Moldavian ASSR only months after its formation, a union republic (Moldavian SSR, and today the Republic of Moldova)
- Karakalpak AO (1925-1932; today Karakalpakstan)
