Australian Defence Force
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| Australian Defence Force | |
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| Military manpower | |
| Military age | 16 years of age for selection process, 17 years of age is actual serving age (As of 2005) |
| Availability | males age 16-49: 4,943,677 females age 18-49: 4,821,264(2005 est.) |
| Fit for military service | males age 16-49: 4,092,718
females age 16-49: 3,983,447 (2005 est.) |
| Reaching military age annually | males: 142,158
females age 16-49: 135,675 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures | |
| Amount | AUD$23.18 billion (2005) |
| Percent of GDP | 1.9% (2005) |
The Australian Defence Force currently numbers about 51,000 full-time active duty personnel plus another 19,400 reservists. The ADF, although small numerically, is technologically sophisticated. It is the largest force in Oceania, and plays a significant role in peacekeeping operations around the world. The ADF's main strategic rivals are within the Asia-Pacific region.
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[edit] Role and legal standing
The 2000 Defence White Paper states that the Australian Defence Force has three main priorities:[1]
- Maintaining the capability to defend Australian territory from any credible attack, without relying on help from the combat forces of any other country.
- Contributing to the security of Australia's immediate neighbourhood through working with Australia's neighbours and participating in United Nations-sanctioned peacekeeping operations.
- Contributing to international coalitions of forces outside of Australia's immediate neighbourhood where Australian interests are engaged.
The ADF is also responsible for contributing to coastal surveillance and responding to emergencies, including natural disasters.
The ADF is constituted under the Executive Government sections of the Australian Constitution, Section 68, that says, "The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative." (The Queen referred to in this Act of 9th July 1900 was Victoria. No mention of the air force is made, as aircraft were not then invented. Subsidiary and subsequent legislation handles these matters.)
In practice, the control of the ADF is, politically, vested in the Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers. The Minister acts on most matters alone, however, important matters are considered by the National Security Committee of Cabinet. The Minister then advises the Governor-General who acts as advised in the normal form of executive government.
Officers of the ADF are commissioned by a document personally signed by the Governor-General, which is considered as a "Queen's Commission."
[edit] History
- Main Articles: Military History of Australia, History of the Royal Australian Navy, History of the Australian Army, History of the Royal Australian Air Force
[edit] The formation of the Australian Defence Force
Australia has maintained military forces since its federation as a nation in January 1901. The Australian Army and Commonwealth Naval Force were established upon Federation. The Royal Australian Navy was established in 1909 and absorbed the Commonwealth Naval Force. The Australian Flying Corps was separated from the Army to establish the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921.
The importance of 'joint' warfare to was made clear to the Australian Military during World War II when Australian ground, air and naval forces served as part of single commands. Following the war several senior officers lobbied for the appointment of a commander in chief of the three services. This proposal was rejected, however, and the three services remained fully independent.[2] In 1958 the position of Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee was established to advise the Minister for Defence on the overall views of the three services.[3] Due to the lack of a central authority the different services' force structures were not coordinated and the services operated in accordance to different doctrines.[4]
The Australian Military's experiences during the Vietnam War highlighted the need for an integrated command structure and greater emphasis on 'joint' operations.[5] In 1973 the Secretary of the Department of Defence, Arthur Tange, submitted a report to the Australian Government which recommended the creation of a single Department of Defence and the creation of the post of Chief of the Defence Force Staff. These recommendations were accepted and the Australian Defence Force was established on 9 February 1976.[6]
[edit] The Defence of Australia era
Until the 1970s Australia's military strategy was centred on the concept of 'forward defence', in which the role of the Australian military was to cooperate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia's region. Due to the introduction of the United States' Guam Doctrine of 1969 and the British withdrawal from 'east of Suez' in the 1970s Australia developed a defence policy which emphasised self-reliance and the defence of the Australian continent from external attack. This policy was known as the Defence of Australia (DOA) Policy. Under DOA the focus of Australian defence planning was to protect Australia's northern maritime approaches (the 'air-sea gap') against enemy attack.[7] In line with this goal, the ADF was restructured to increase its alibility to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases. This was achieved by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF and relocating regular Army units to northern Australia.[8]
[edit] East Timor and after
The election of the Conservative Liberal Party government headed by Prime Minister John Howard in 1996 lead to significant reforms to the ADF and the adoption of a more proactive defence strategy. Since 1997 Australia's defence strategy has placed greater emphasis on working in cooperation with regional states and Australia's allies to manage potential security threats.[9]
[edit] Current structure
The Australian Defence Force consists of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The Australian Department of Defence administers the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) which consists of the ADF and the civilian personnel supporting the ADF. The civilian support consists of activities such as the Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO), the Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) which purchases and maintains defence equipment, and the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) which provides science and technology support to the defence forces.
[edit] Command arrangements
The Chief of the Defence Force is the most senior appointment in the ADF. The CDF commands the ADF under the direction of the Minister of Defence, and is notionally coequal with the Secretary of Defence, the most senior public servant in the Department of Defence. The CDF is the only four-star officer in the ADF and is a General, Admiral or Air Chief Marshal.
Under the current ADF command structure the day to day management of the ADF is distinct from the command of military operations.[10] The services are administered through the Australian Defence Organisation, with the head of each service (the Chiefs of the Navy, Army and Air Force) and the service headquarters being responsible for raising, training and sustaining combat forces. In addition, each Chief is the Australian Government's principal advisor on matters concerning the responsibilities of their service.[11]
While the members of each service ultimately report to their service Chief, the Chiefs do not command the operations of their service. Control of ADF operations is exercised through a formal command chain headed by the Vice Chief of the Defence Force, who reports to the CDF as the Chief of Joint Operations. As part of this structure each service is organised into an operational command (Maritime Command, Land Command and Air Command) which reports to the VCDF and a training command which reports to the head of the respective service. Several 'joint' operational commands also report to the VCDF. In practice, when ADF units deploy on exercises or operational deployments they are temporarily re-assigned from their respective service to the relevant operational headquarters.[12]
[edit] Joint combat forces
Operational command of the ADF was exercised by Headquarters Australian Theatre (HQ AST) initially established in 1995 at Potts Point in Sydney, led by a two-star equivalent officer. HQ AST was re-designated Joint Operations Command in 2004 which will move to a new facility near Bungendore, NSW in late 2008. The Vice-Chief of Defence Force now has the additional responsibility of Chief of Joint Operations, directing the JOC.
The ADF has a number of permanent joint operational commands which are responsible to the Vice-Chief of Defence Force. Special Operations Command is currently drawn almost exclusively from the Army and is responsible for all of Australia's special forces assets. These assets include two counter-terrorism Tactical Assault Groups. Northern Command, headquartered in Darwin, is responsible for operations in Northern Australia and has elements of all three services under its command at all times. Joint Logistics Command is responsible for managing the ADF's logistics on a joint basis. This is achieved through regional Joint Logistics units and contracts with private companies.[13] In addition, the ADF has two Deployable Joint Force Headquarters; one is based on the headquarters of the Army's 1st Division and the other on the headquarters of the Navy's Commodore Flotillas.[14] These headquarters are designated DJFHQ and DJFHQ (M) respectively.
[edit] Royal Australian Navy
The RAN is currently structured into an operational command, Maritime Command, and a support command, Navy Systems Commmand.[15] The Navy's assets are currently organised into seven Force Element Groups (FEGs) which report to the Maritime Commander. The seven FEGs are: Australian Navy Surface Combatants Force, Amphibious Warfare Forces along with the Afloat Support Force, Naval Aviation Force, Australian Navy Submarine Force, Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving Forces, Australian Navy Patrol Boat Force and the Australian Navy Hydrographic Force.[16]
[edit] Australian Army
Land Command is the authority responsible for the operations of Australian land forces, and has its headquarters in Sydney. The Australian Army's combat forces are organised into two regular brigades, one combined regular-reserve brigade and six reserve brigades. In addition, there is an aviation brigade and a logistics brigade. The Army's main tactical formation is the battlegroup, formed around the headquarters of either an infantry battalion or armoured regiment. The Australian Army is currently capable of fielding up to six battlegroups (one armoured and five infantry), though it would not be feasible to deploy six battlegroups simultenously.
While the Australian Army has two Divisional headquarters, only one (the 1st Division) is deployable as the Deployable Joint Force Headquarters. The Headquarters of the 2nd Division performs administrative functions only. The Australian Army has not deployed a divisional sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to so in the future.
[edit] Royal Australian Air Force
The RAAF is organised into two commands; Air Command and the Air Force Training Group. Air Command is the operational arm of the RAAF and consists of the Air Combat Group, Air Lift Group, Surveillance and Response Group, Combat Support Group and Aerospace Operational Support Group. Each group consists of a number of wings.
[edit] Personnel
The Australian Defence Force has been an all-volunteer force since conscription was abolished in 1972.[17] ADF recruits must be either Australian citizens or a permanent resident eligible for Australian citizenship. The minimum age for ADF recruits is 17 years of age and the retirement age is 55 years for permanent personnel and 60 years for reservists.[18]
[edit] Personnel in each service
The Australian Defence Force had an average strength of 51,151 permanent (full-time) and 19,464 reserve (part-time) personnel during the 2005-06 financial year. The Army is the largest service, followed by the RAAF and RAN.
Average levels for the 2005-06 financial year[19]
| Service | Total Permanent | Total Reserve | Total |
| Navy | 12,800 | 1,598 | 14,398 |
| Army | 25,241 | 15,579 | 40,820 |
| Air Force | 13,143 | 2,287 | 15,430 |
| Total | 51,151 | 19,464 | 70,648 |
In 2005-06 the ADF and Department of Defence also employed an average of 13,577 civilian members of the Australian Public Service and 1,319 contracted non-APS staff.[20]
[edit] Recruitment and retention
The Australian Defence Force enlisted 4,145 permanent personnel and 3,297 reservists during the 2005-06 financial year. These numbers fell short of the ADF's recruitment targets and represent 84% of the permanent force recruitment target and 77% of the reserve force target. They do represent an improvement on the achievements against the targets fro the 2004-05 financial year (80% and 70% respectively).[22] During 2005-06 11% of ADF personnel left the military.[23]
Under current Australian Government policies the ADF is to be expanded to 57,000 full time personnel. This expanded force will require around 6,500 recruits each year. In an attempt to increase recruitment and reduce the ADF's separation rate the Government is introducing initiatives to streamline the recruitment process, relax some minimum standards for recruits and provide retention bonuses for personnel in critical positions and with key skill sets.[24]
[edit] Women in the ADF
The number of positions available to women in the ADF has increased over time.[25] In 2006 approximately 97% of positions in the ADF were available to females. The only positions which women are currently excluded from are those in which there is a high probability of hand to hand combat, which includes all infantry positions.[26] As a result, while virtually all positions in the Navy and Air Force are open to women, women are excluded from a high proportion of Army positions.[27] In the 2004-05 financial year women made up 13.2% of permanent personnel and 15.8% of reserve personnel.[28]
[edit] Training
Individual training of Australian servicemen and women is generally provided by the services in their own training institutions. Each service has its own training organisation which manages this individual training. Where possible, however, individual training is increasingly being provided through tri-service schools.[29]
Military academies include Royal Military College, Duntroon for the Army; HMAS Creswell for the Navy, and the Officer Training School - RAAF Base Williams for the Air Force. The Australian Defence Force Academy is a Tri-Service university for officer cadets of all services wishing to attain a university degree through the Australian Defence Force.
[edit] Equipment
[edit] Current equipment holdings
- For more details on this topic, see Current Royal Australian Navy ships, Weaponry of the Australian Army and Current aircraft of the RAAF
| Royal Australian Navy | |
| Frigates | 8 Anzac class, 5 Adelaide class |
| Submarines | 6 Collins class |
| Patrol boats | 7 Armidale class, 4 Fremantle class |
| Amphibious Assault ships | 2 Kanimbla class landing platform amphibious, 1 Landing Ship Heavy, 6 Balikpapan class Landing Craft Heavy |
| Minesweepers | 6 Huon class, 3 auxiliary minesweepers |
| Support ships | 1 auxiliary tanker, 1 fleet replentishment ship |
| Survey vessels | 6 |
| Aircraft | 46 helicopters |
| Australian Army | |
| Main Battle Tanks | 71 Leopard 1 AS1 |
| Armoured Personnel Carriers | 700 M113, 257 ASLAV, 299 Bushmaster on order |
| Artillery | 385 |
| Helicopters | 109 |
| Royal Australian Air Force[30] | |
| Strike | 26 F-111 |
| Fighters | 71 F/A-18 Hornet |
| Maritime patrol | 19 P-3C Orion |
| Transport | 20 C-130 Hercules, 14 DHC-4 Caribou, 1 C-17 Globemaster III |
| VIP | 3 Bombardier Challenger, 2 BBJ 737 |
| Tanker/transport | 4 707 |
| Trainers | 67 Pilatus PC-9, 33 Hawk 127, 8 B300 Beechcraft King Air |
[edit] Planned procurement
The Defence Materiel Organisation has the responsibility for the procurement of Australian Defence Force equipment. The ADF's identified procurement needs over the next ten years are outlined in the 2006-16 Defence Capability Plan (DCP).[31]
The largest projects set out in the DCP are the replacement of the RAAF's combat aircraft (almost certainly with F-35 Lightning II aircraft), the air warfare destroyer project, the replacement of the RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft, the replacement of the RAN's anti-submarine helicopters, the replacement of the ADF's entire fleet of field vehicles and the purchase of two large amphibious ships.[32] Other significant purchases include the purchase of MRH-90 transport helicopters for the Army and Navy and M1A1 Abrams tanks and C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft.
[edit] Australian Defence Force bases
Australian Defence Force Bases are located in all the states and territories of Australia.[33] While most of the Army's permanent force units are based in northern Australia, the majority of Navy and Air Force units are based near Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. Few of the ADF's bases are currently shared by the different services.
The administrative headquarters of the ADF and the three services is located in Canberra alongside the main offices of the Department of Defence and Defence Materiel Organisation. Joint Operations Command and the three services' operational headquarters are currently located in or near Sydney. These operational headquarters will be co-located near Bungendore, New South Wales as part of the Headquarters Joint Operations Command Project.[34]
The Royal Australian Navy has two main bases; Fleet Base East in Sydney and Fleet Base West near Perth. The Navy's operational headquarters, Maritime Headquarters, is located adjacent to Fleet Base East. The majority of the Navy's patrol boats are based at HMAS Coonawarra in Darwin, Northern Territory with the remaining patrol boats and the hydrographic fleet being based at HMAS Cairns located at Cairns, Queensland. The Fleet Air Arm is based at HMAS Albatross near Nowra, New South Wales.
The Australian Army's operational headquarters, Land Command, is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney. The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin, Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, Queensland and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland. The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks. Other important Army bases include the Army Aviation Centre near Oakey, Queensland, Holsworthy Barracks near Sydney, Woodside Barracks near Adelaide, South Australia and Campbell Barracks in Perth. Dozens of Army Reserve depots are located across Australia.
The Royal Australian Air Force's operational headquarters, Air Command, is located at RAAF Base Glenbrook near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at RAAF Base Amberley near Ipswich, Queensland, RAAF Base Tindal near Katherine, Northern Territory and RAAF Base Williamtown near Newcastle, New South Wales. The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at RAAF Base Richmond in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the Jindalee Operational Radar Network. Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at RAAF Base Pearce near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include RAAF Base Darwin and RAAF Base Townsville and three 'bare bases' in Queensland and Western Australia.
[edit] Ranks and insignia
The three Australian services inherited their rank structure from their British counterparts. The insignia used to identify these ranks are also generally similar to those used in the British Armed Forces.
[edit] Officer ranks
| CODE | NAVY | ARMY | RAAF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General officers | ||||
| O-10 | Admiral | General | Air Chief Marshal | |
| O-9 | Vice Admiral | Lieutenant General | Air Marshal | |
| O-8 | Rear Admiral | Major General | Air Vice Marshal | |
| O-7 | Commodore | Brigadier | Air Commodore | |
| Senior Officers | ||||
| O-6 | Captain | Colonel | Group Captain | |
| O-5 | Commander | Lieutenant Colonel | Wing Commander | |
| O-4 | Lieutenant Commander | Major | Squadron Leader | |
| Junior Officers | ||||
| O-3 | Lieutenant | Captain | Flight Lieutenant | |
| O-2 | Sub Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Flying Officer | |
| O-1 | Acting Sub Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | Pilot Officer | |
| Officer Trainee | ||||
| - | Midshipman | Officer Cadet | Officer Cadet | |
[edit] Non-commissioned ranks
| CODE | NAVY | ARMY | RAAF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warrant Officers | ||||
| E-9 | Warrant Officer of the Navy | RSM of the Army | Warrant Officer of the Air Force | |
| E-8 | Warrant Officer | Warrant Officer Class 1 | Warrant Officer | |
| Non-commissioned Officers | ||||
| E-7 | Chief Petty Officer | Warrant Officer Class 2 | Flight Sergeant | |
| E-5 | Petty Officer | Sergeant | Sergeant | |
| E-4 | Leading Seaman | Corporal | Corporal | |
| Elisted | ||||
| E-2 | Able Seaman | None | Leading Aircraftman/Woman | |
| E-1 | Seaman | Private | Aircraftman/Woman | |
[edit] Defence cooperation
- See also: Foreign relations of Australia
The Australian Defence Force cooperates with militaries around the world. Australia's formal military agreements include the ANZUS Alliance with the United States of America, the Closer Defence Program with New Zealand and the Five Power Defence Arrangements with Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.[35]
The ADF provides assistance to regional militaries through the Defence Cooperation Program. As part of this program Australia provides assistance with training, infrastructure, equipment and logistics support and participates in joint exercises with countries in South East Asia and Oceania. The Pacific Patrol Boat Program is the largest Defence Cooperation activity and supports 22 patrol boats operated by twelve South Pacific countries.[36] A performance audit of the Defence Cooperation Program conducted in 2001 found that while it was not possible to determine the effectiveness of the program it was "valued highly by participating countries".[37]
[edit] Current operations
These are the current overseas operations of the Australian Defence Force.[38]
[edit] Operation Astute
- Operation Astute is the ADF's contribution to the international peacekeeping force deployed in response to the Government of Timor Leste's request for assistance to restore stability to the country. As at December 2006, about 925 ADF personnel were deployed in Timor-Leste.
[edit] Operation Catalyst
- Operation Catalyst is the ADF's contribution to the rehabilitation of Iraq. As at December 2006 approximately 1400 ADF personnel were deployed as part of this operation.
[edit] Operation Anode
- Operation Anode is Australia's contribution to the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands. As at December 2006 approximately 140 ADF personnel were deployed as part of this operation.
[edit] Operation Slipper
- Operation Slipper is the ADF's contribution to the International coalition against terrorism. As at December 2006 approximately 360 ADF personnel were deployed to Afghanistan as part of this operation.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Australian Department of Defence (2000). Defence 2000 - Our Future Defence Force. Australian Department of Defence, Canberra. Pages 46-53.
- ^ David Horner (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Page 42.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 43.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 44.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 44.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 47.
- ^ Alex Tewes, Laura Rayner and Kelly Kavanaugh (2004) Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st century. Australian Parliamentary Library Research Brief no. 4 2004–05.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 72.
- ^ Australian Army (2002). The Fundamentals of Land Warfare. Annex B.
- ^ Khosa (2004). Page 14.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 187.
- ^ Khosa (2004). Page 14.
- ^ Defence 2004-05 Annual Report. Accessed 11 December 2006.
- ^ Kathryn Spurling (2001). '1991-2001: The Era of Defence Reform' in The Royal Australian Navy. A History, David Stevens (editor), Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Page 278.
- ^ Sea Power Centre - Australia (2005). The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations (RAN Doctrine 2 - 2005). Defence Publishing Service, Canberra. Pages 33-36.
- ^ Royal Australian Navy. Force Element Groups. Accessed 10 December 2006.
- ^ Australian War Memorial. Conscription. Accessed 16 December 2006.
- ^ Defence Jobs Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed 16 December 2006.
- ^ Defence Annual Report 2005-06. Page 218.
- ^ Defence Annual Report 2005-06. Pages 219-220.
- ^ Compiled from Australian Department of Defence annual reports
- ^ Defence Annual Report 2005-06. Pages 224-225.
- ^ Defence Annual Report 2005-06. Page 229.
- ^ Prime Minister of Australia media release, Reforms to Boost ADF Recruitment and Retention, 15 December 2006.
- ^ Australian Parliamentary Libary Women in the armed forces: the role of women in the Australian Defence Force. Accessed 16 December 2006.
- ^ Defence Jobs Frequently Asked Questions - Gender Restrictions. Accessed 16 December 2006.
- ^ Khosa (2004). Page 52.
- ^ 2004-05 Defence Annual Report Defence Workforce by Gender and Employment Category. Accessed 16 December 2006.
- ^ Horner (2001). Page 281.
- ^ 2005-06 Defence Annual Report Page 134
- ^ Defence Materiel Organisation. 2006-16 Defence Capability Plan: Public Version.
- ^ Defence Capability Plan: Public Version, page 141.
- ^ See 2005-06 Defence Annual Report - Web Section. Australian Department of Defence. Page 42 for the locations of all the main ADF bases and training areas.
- ^ Australian Department of Defence, Headquarters Joint Operations Command Project - Project Purpose. Accessed 10 December 2006.
- ^ Khosa (2004). Page 74.
- ^ Khosa (2004). Page 85.
- ^ Australian National Audit Office (2001). Defence Cooperation Program. Audit Report No.32 2000–2001. ANAO, Canberra. Pages 9-10.
- ^ Australian Department of Defence Global Operations. Accessed 11 December 2006.
[edit] References
- Australian Defence Organisation Website
- Australian Army (2002). The Fundamentals of Land Warfare.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006). Year Book Australia, 2006. ABS, Canberra.
- Australian Department of Defence (2000). Defence 2000 - Our Future Defence Force. Australian Department of Defence, Canberra.
- Australian National Audit Office (2001). Defence Cooperation Program. Audit Report No.32 2000–2001. ANAO, Canberra. ISBN 0642442398.
- Australian Parliamentary Libary (2000) Women in the armed forces: the role of women in the Australian Defence Force.
- Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook -- Australia.
- David Horner (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 0195541170.
- Raspal Khosa (2004). Australian Defence Almanac 2004-05. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra.
- Sea Power Centre - Australia (2005). The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations (RAN Doctrine 2 - 2005). Defence Publishing Service, Canberra. ISBN 0642296154.
- David Stevens (editor) (2001). The Royal Australian Navy. A History. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 0195555422.
- Alex Tewes, Laura Rayner and Kelly Kavanaugh (2004) Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st century. Australian Parliamentary Library Research Brief no. 4 2004–05.
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