Atrophic rhinitis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Atrophic Rhinitis also called as Ozaena, it is a chronic inflammation of nose characterised by atrophy of nasal mucosa including the glands, turbinate bones, and the nerve elements supplying the nose.
Atrophic Rhinitis is of two types: primary and secondary.
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[edit] Primary Atrophic Rhinitis
[edit] Aetiology
- Heredity factors: Disease runs in the families
- Endocrinal Imbalance: Disease tends to start at puberty and mostly involves females
- Racial factors: White and yellow races
- Nutritional deficeincy: Vit A, D or iron
- Infection: Klebsiella ozaenae, diphtheroids, P.vulgaris, E.coli etc.
- Autoimmune: Viral infection or some other unidentified insult may trigger antigenicity of nasal mucosa
[edit] Pathology
Ciliated columnar epthelium of the nasal mucosa is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Atrophy of mucosa, turbinal bones, seromucinous glands tend to occur. This is due to obliterative endarteritis causing decreased blood supply hence the supplying area atrophies.
[edit] Clinical manifestations
Disease is most commonly seen in females and tend to appear during puberty. The nasal cavities become roomy and is filled with foul smelling crusts which are black and dry. Microorganisims are known to multiply and this produces a foul smell from the nose though patient is not aware of this because his/her nerve aliments have become atrophied which are responsible for the perception of smell. Patients usually complain of nasal obstruction despite the roomy nasal cavity, which can be explained by the obstruction produced by the discharge is the nose or the patient is unaware of the air flow through the nose because of sensory loss due to atrophy of nerves in the nose, so it is just a subjective sensation of nasal obstruction. Bleeding from the nose also called epistaxis may occur when the dried discharge(crusts) are removed. Septal perforation and dermatitis of nasal vestibule can occur. Nose may show a saddly nose deformity. Atrophic rhinits is also associated with similar atrohpic changes in the pharynx, larynx producing syptoms pertaining to these structures. Hearing impairment can occur due to Eustachian tube blockade causing middle ear effusion.
[edit] Prognosis
Disease has a tendency to recover spontaneously by middle age.
[edit] Treatment options
Treatment of Atrophic Rhinits can be either medical or surgical.
Medical measures include:
- Nasal irrigation and removal of crusts using alkaline nasal douches
- 25% glucose in glycerine can be applied to nasal mucosa, this inhibits growth of foul smelling proteolytic organisism
- Local antibiotics like Kemicitine, Ostradiol and Vit D2
- Ostradiol spray
- Systemic streptomycin
- Oral potassium iodide
- placental extract injected in the submucosa
Surgical Interventions include
- Young's operation
- Modified Young's operation
- Narrowing of nasal cavities submucosal injection of teflon paste, section and medial displacement of lateral wall of nose
- Transposition of parotid duct to maxillary sinus or nasal mucosa.
