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The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India are sections of the Constitution of India, that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to the citizens, and the duties of the citizens with respect to the State. These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights, guidelines for government policy-making, and the behaviour and conduct of citizens. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India. The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help to promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. Like the Directive Principles, they are not legally enforceable. (more...)

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• ...that the Roman de Fergus is the earliest piece of non-Celtic vernacular literature to have survived from Scotland?
• ...that the Philharmonia Hungarica made the first complete recording of Haydn's symphonies, was an orchestra founded by Hungarian exiles and funded by the West German government during the Cold War?
• ...that the dachas of the Russian poets Boris Pasternak, Korney Chukovsky, and Bulat Okudzhava in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow are open to the public as memorial houses?
• ...that an aerosan is a type of air-powered, armoured snowmobile, which was used for transport, reconnaissance, and raiding by the Red Army in the Winter War and the Second World War?
• ...that a Push-Pull Converter is a type of DC to DC converter that uses a transformer to step the voltage of a DC power supply?
• ...that the Chicana artist Yolanda Lopez became famous with the painting "Virgen de Guadalupe", which represents Lopez's personal investigation into Virgen de Guadalupe's status in Mexican society?

• Outgoing United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan (pictured), in his final speech in office, encourages the United States to return to its historic commitments to multilateralism and human rights.
• Former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet (age 91) dies one week after suffering a heart attack.
• Christer Fuglesang becomes the first Scandinavian astronaut in space as the Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on a mission to the International Space Station.
• Ethiopia begins to intervene in the Somali Civil War.
• The Iraq Study Group releases its final report, describing the situation in the Iraq War as "grave and deteriorating" and making seventy-nine policy recommendations.
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December 12: Independence Day in Kenya (1963).

• 1531 - The Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe: Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin saw the Blessed Virgin Mary outside of modern-day Mexico City.
• 1897 - Belo Horizonte, the first planned city of Brazil, was inaugurated.
• 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi (pictured) received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, from Poldhu Wireless Station in Cornwall, England to Cabot Tower in St. John's, Newfoundland.
• 1915 - President Yuan Shikai of the Republic of China reinstated the monarchy and declared himself Emperor.
• 1964 - Jomo Kenyatta became the first President of the Republic of Kenya.

• Recent days: December 11 – December 10 – December 9

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