Aristarchus (crater)
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| Crater characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 23.7° N, 47.4° W |
| Diameter | 40 km |
| Depth | 3.7 km |
| Colongitude | 48° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Aristarchus of Samos |
Aristarchus is a prominent lunar impact crater that lies in the northwest part of the Moon's near side. It is considered the brightest of the large formations on the lunar surface, with an albedo nearly double that of most lunar features. The feature is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye, and is dazzling in a large telescope. It is also readily identified when most of the lunar surface is illuminated by earthshine.
The crater is located at the southeastern edge of the Aristarchus plateau, an elevated area that contains a number of volcanic features, such as sinuous rilles. This area is also noted for the large number of reported transient lunar phenomena, as well as recent emissions of radon gas as measured by the Lunar Prospector spacecraft.
Aristarchus was originally named by the Italian map maker Giovanni Riccioli. His work Almagestum novum ("New Almaghest"), published in 1651, gave the spot-shaped telescopic features (later called craters) eponyms of noted astronomers and philosophers. Although widely adopted, the name only became an official international standard by a vote of the IAU General Assembly in 1935.[1]
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[edit] Selenography
The Aristarchus crater is located on an elevated rocky rise, known as the Aristarchus plateau, in the midst of the Oceanus Procellarum, a large expanse of lunar mare. This is a tilted crustal block, about 200 km across, that rises to a maximum altitude of 2 km above the mare in the southeastern section.[2] Aristarchus crater is just to the east of the Herodotus crater and the Vallis Schröteri.
The brightest feature of this crater is the steep central peak. Sections of the interior floor appear relatively level, but Lunar Orbiter photographs reveal the surface is covered in many small hills, streaky gouges, and some minor fractures. The crater has a terraced outer wall covered in a bright blanket of ejecta, which spreads out into bright rays to the south and south-east. (These suggest that Aristarchus was most likely formed by an oblique impact from the northeast.) Observers have noted that the wall is roughly circular but has a somewhat polygonal shape.
The main reason for the crater's brightness is that it is a young formation, approximately 450 million years old, and the solar wind has not yet had time to darken the excavated material by the process of space weathering. The impact occurred following the creation of the Copernicus crater, but before the appearance of Tycho crater. Based on the asymmetrical spread of the ejecta, it was formed by an object that struck at a low angle to the surface, arriving from the north-east.[2] The composition of the ejecta includes material from both the plateau and the mare.
To the north of this crater is a system of narrow sinuous rilles named Rimae Aristarchus. These rilles extend for a distance of 121 km, or three times the diameter of the Aristarchus crater.
[edit] Remote sensing
In 1911, Professor Robert W. Wood used ultraviolet photography to take images of the crater area. He discovered the plateau had an anomalous appearance in the ultraviolet, and an area to the north appeared to give indications of a sulfur deposit.[3] This colorful area is sometimes referred to as "Wood's Spot", an alternate name for the Aristarchus Plateau.
Spectra taken of this crater during the Clementine mission was used to perform mineral mapping.[2] The data indicated that the central peak is a type of rock called anorthosite, which is a slow-cooling form of igneous rock composed of plagioclase feldspar. By contrast the outer wall is troctolite, a rock composed of equal parts plagioclase and olivine.
The Aristarchus crater region was part of a Hubble space telescope study in 2005 that was investigating the presence of oxygen-rich glassy soils in the form of the mineral ilmenite. Baseline measurements were made of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 landing sites, where the chemistry is known, and these were compared to Aristarchus. The Hubble Advanced Camera for Surveys was used to photograph the crater is visual and ultraviolet light. The crater was determined to have especially rich concentrations of ilmenite, a titanium oxide mineral that could potentially be used in the future by a lunar settlement for extracting oxygen.[4]
[edit] Transient lunar phenomenon
Aristarchus is noted for possible lunar transient phenomena (TLP).[3] In 1971 when Apollo 15 passed 110 kilometers above this crater, a significant rise in alpha particles was detected. These particles are believed to be caused by the decay of radon-222, a radioactive gas with a half-life of only 3.8 days. The Lunar Prospector mission later confirmed Radon-222 emissions from this crater.[5]
On April 23rd, 1994, amateur observers reported another TLP event in the vicinity of the "Cobra Head", the name for the bulbous start of Vallis Shröteri, a volcanic sinuous rille. The Clementine spacecraft took before and after pictures of this region, and color changes were claimed to have been observed.[6]
[edit] Satellite craters
Surrounding the Aristarchus crater are several smaller craters, many of which are probably secondaries. Secondary craters form when large blocks ejected from the primary crater reimpact the surface at high velocities. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing a letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to the primary crater.[7]
| Aristarchus | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | 26.3° N | 46.8° W | 7 km |
| D | 23.7° N | 42.9° W | 5 km |
| F | 21.7° N | 46.5° W | 18 km |
| H | 22.6° N | 45.7° W | 4 km |
| N | 22.8° N | 42.9° W | 3 km |
| S | 19.3° N | 46.2° W | 4 km |
| T | 19.6° N | 46.4° W | 4 km |
| U | 19.7° N | 48.6° W | 4 km |
| Z | 25.5° N | 48.4° W | 8 km |
The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
- Aristarchus A — See Väisälä crater.
- Aristarchus C — See Toscanelli crater.
[edit] References
- ^ M. A. Blagg, K. Müller, W. H. Wesley, S. A. Saunder, J. H. G. Franz (1935). Named Lunar Formations. London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd..
- ^ a b c Aristarchus Region: Multispectral Mosaic of the Aristarchus Crater and Plateau (English). Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
- ^ a b Darling, David O.. Aristarchus: Lunar Transient Phenomenon History (English). L.T.P. Research. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
- ^ Is There Oxygen on the Moon?. Time Online. Retrieved on October 24, 2005.
- ^ S. Lawson, W. Feldman, D. Lawrence, K. Moore, R. Elphic, and R. Belian (2005). "Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer". J. Geophys. Res. 110: doi:10.1029/2005JE002433.
- ^ "Moon not quite dead", BBC News, 1990-10-21. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
- ^ B. Bussey & P. Spudis (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81528-2.
- See the reference table for the general listing of literature and web sites that were used in the compilation of this page.
