American Morse code
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American Morse Code — also known as Railroad Morse — is the latter-day name for the Morse Code specification originally developed, in the mid-1830s, by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail for their electric telegraph. The "American" qualifier was added because, after most of the rest of the world adopted "International Morse", the companies that continued to use the original Morse Code were mainly located in the United States. American Morse is now nearly extinct — it is most frequently seen in railroad museums and U.S. civil war re-enactments — and "Morse Code" today virtually always means the International Morse which supplanted American Morse.
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[edit] History
American Morse Code was first used on a telegraph line constructed between Baltimore, Maryland, and the old Supreme Court chamber in Washington, DC, and the first message, sent on May 24, 1844 by Morse in Washington to Alfred Vail in Baltimore, was "What hath God wrought?" The message was chosen by Annie Ellsworth and is a Bible verse from Numbers 23:23.
In its original implementation, the Morse Code specification included the following:
- short mark or dot (·)
- longer mark or dash (-)
- intra-character gap (standard gap between the dots and dashes in a character)
- short gap (between letters)
- medium gap (between words)
- long gap (between sentences)
- long intra-character gap (longer internal gap used in C, O, R, Y, Z and &)
- "long dash" (the letter L)
- even longer dash (the numeral 0)
Various other companies and countries soon developed their own variations of the original Morse Code. Of special importance was one standard, originally created in Germany in 1848, which was simpler -- it eliminated the long intra-character spaces and the two long dashes -- but also included changes in the sequences for eleven of the letters and most of the numerals. The modified version was adopted as the European standard in 1865, and was known at first as "Continental Morse", although as its use spread it also became known as "International Morse". At this point the original Morse Code started to be called American Morse, to differentiate between the two main standards.
In the late 1890s, radio communication -- initially known as "wireless telegraphy" -- was invented, and at first radio was mostly limited to dot-and-dash transmissions. Initially, a majority of radio operators used the version of the Code that they were most familiar with -- the original Morse Code in the United States, and Continental throughout Europe. However, because of the long range of radio signals, there was a need for a single international standard, especially for seagoing vessels. And at the 1912 Radiotelegraphic Convention, meeting in London, the section of the Convention covering "Transmission of Radiograms" included the statement that "The signals to be employed are those of Morse International Code".
However, even after this, the original Morse Code continued to be used throughout much of the United States. American Morse remained the standard for U.S. landline telegraph companies, including the dominant company, Western Union, in part because the original code, with fewer dashes, could be sent about 5% faster than International Morse. American Morse also was commonly used for radio transmissions on the Great Lakes, and along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. However, International Morse predominated for ocean-going vessels, and many U.S. shipboard operators became skilled in transmitting both versions of the Code as needed.
[edit] Later Developments
Over time, with the disappearance of landline telegraphs, and the end of commercial radio use of Morse Code, American Morse has become nearly extinct. In the United States, the ranks of amateur radio operators used to include many active and retired commercial landline telegraph operators, who preferred to use American Morse for their amateur radio transmissions, so the CW (continuous wave) amateur bands used to have a mixture of American and International Morse. However, today even U.S. amateurs use International Morse almost exclusively.
[edit] Comparison of American and International Morse
Note: All links with the loudspeaker icon (
) are sound files for the international version of each symbol. See media help for assistance.
| Letter | International Code |
American Morse |
Letter | International Code |
American Morse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | · - | · - | N | - · | - · |
| B | - · · · | - · · · | O | - - - | . _ . † |
| C | - · - · | · · _ · † | P | · - - · | · · · · · |
| D | - · · | - · · | Q | - - · - | · · - · |
| E | · | · | R | · - · | · _ · · † |
| F | · · - · | · - · | S | · · · | · · · |
| G | - - · | - - · | T | - | - |
| H | · · · · | · · · · | U | · · - | · · - |
| I | · · | · · | V | · · · - | · · · - |
| J | · - - - | - · - · | W | · - - | · - - |
| K | - · - | - · - | X | - · · - | · - · · |
| L | · - · · | — † | Y | - · - - | · · _ · · † |
| M | - - | - - | Z | - - · · | · · · _ · † |
(† "_" signifies a "space" which is part of the character. L is a long "dash".)
[edit] Numbers
| International code | American Morse | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | ----- |
— † |
| 1 | ·---- |
·--· |
| 2 | ··--- |
··-·· |
| 3 | ···-- |
···-· |
| 4 | ····- |
····- |
| 5 | ····· |
--- |
| 6 | -···· |
······ |
| 7 | --··· |
--·· |
| 8 | ---·· |
-···· |
| 9 | ----· |
-··- |
(† 0 is a "dash" longer than that of an L.)
[edit] Common punctuation
| International code | American Morse | |
|---|---|---|
| Period [.] | · - · - · - | · · - - · · |
| Comma [,] | - - · · - - | · - · - |
| Question mark [?] | · · - - · · | - · · - · |
| Apostrophe ['] | · - - - - · | |
| Exclamation mark [!] | - · - · - - | |
| Slash [/] | - · · - · | |
| Parentheses ( ) | - · - - · - | |
| Ampersand [&] | · ··· | |
| Colon [:] | - - - · · · | |
| Semicolon [;] | - · - · - · | |
| Double dash [=] | - · · · - | |
| Fraction bar | - · · - · | |
| Hyphen [-] | - · · · · - | |
| Underscore [_] | · · - - · - | |
| Quotation mark ["] | · - · · - · | |
| "@" (commat) | · - - · - · |
The "@" symbol was added in 2004, and combines A and C into one character
[edit] External links
- Samuel Morse's first telegraph message, sent May 24, 1844 (American Morse recorded on a paper tape)
- Circa 1915 recording of an American Morse radio transmission
- Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. (The Morse Telegraph Club is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy.)
