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[edit] French for Voulet

[edit] Ahmat Acyl

Limits of Anarchy

  • Acyl rapidly rose to prominence in the first army
  • Acyl was a former administrator and a late entrant in the rebellion
  • Acyl was at Kano II for the CDR, where he was attacked by G. and H. accusing him of having no forces on the ground
  • Kano II 3-11 April 1979: Goukouni-Habré allied against Nigeria and all other elements; all confining states were present, and also five new elements: 1) FROLINAT Originel - Abba Sidick; 2) First Army (Volcan) - Adoum Dana; 3)FROLINAT Fondamental - Hadjero Senoussi; 4) Conseil Démocratique Révolutionnaire (CDR) - Ahmat Acyl; 5) First Army of FROLINAT - Mahamat Abba Seïd. All offshoots of the original FROLINAT. Acyl, Dana and Sidick were attacked by G. and H. accusing them of having no forces on the ground; H. also attacked Nigeria andLibya for being partial to some forces. on the ground. There were violent discussions between H. and General Shehu Yar' Adua on Nigerian neutrality; at a point it was said H. and G. were under house arrest at Kano.

Roots of violence

  • Ahmat Acyl, who first headed the Volcan Army, was killed in an incident on July 19, 1982
  • Acyl was a former Arab National Assembly deputy from Batha, who became a leader of the CDR
  • Acyl was foreign minister of the CDR-FACP
  • 1979-80: gunt 5-4000; facp 5-4000 (acyl); fat: 4000 (kamougué); cdr: 3000

[1]

  • Acyl died by stepping backwards into the spinning propellers of his Cessna aeroplane in 1982
  • The plane was a gift from Libya’s Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and for ten years Ahmat Acyl was both a commander in Libya’s multinational pan-Sahelian ‘Islamic Legion’ and leader of a Chadian Arab militia known as the Volcano Brigade. Today, Acyl’s fighters from the Salamat of south-central Chad and the Sudanese intermediaries who smuggled their weapons can stake a good claim to be the original Janjawiid. Acyl’s name crops up in most histories of the long-running wars between Libya, Chad and Sudan.

[2]

  • Acyl (b. 1944 - d. 1982) GUNT foreign minister 1979-82 [also Acyl Aht Akhabass or Acyl Ahmat Agbas]

[edit] French articles

[5], [6]

good material:

[edit] Possible articles

[edit] Derde

  • Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou and the Daza generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. Among the Toubou, there are four such subgroups, the Teda of Tibesti Subprefecture being the largest. There are more than a dozen subgroups of Daza: the Kreda of Bahr el Ghazal are the largest; next in importance are the Daza of Kanem Prefecture. During the colonial period (and since independence), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional groupings by dividing the Toubou and Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them (see Regional Government , ch. 4).
  • Only among the Toubou of the Tibesti region have institutions evolved somewhat differently. Since the end of the sixteenth century, the derde (spiritual head) of the Tomagra clan has exercised authority over part of the massif and the other clans who live there. He is selected by a group of electors according to strict rules. The derde exercises judicial rather than executive power, arbitrating conflict and levying sanctions based on a code of compensations.
  • Since the beginning of the civil conflict in Chad, the derde has come to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over the Tibesti Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to Bardaï, the capital of Tibesti Subprefecture. Within a year, abuses of authority had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou (see Tombalbaye's Governance: Policies and Methods , ch. 1). The derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in Libya, and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Al Bayda, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the derde among the Toubou. After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Chad (Front de Libération Nationale du Tchad--FROLINAT). Moral authority became military authority shortly thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei, became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni has since become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner, Hissein Habré of the Daza Annakaza, replaced Goukouni in 1982.
  • Goukouni was the son of the derde, a respected traditional leader among the Teda population of the north, one of the Toubou groups that had generally been receptive to the Libyan-based Sanusiyya brotherhood before independence
  • the derde cercò aiuto libico nel 1907 ecc. aja stuff 1


[edit] Mahamat Saleh Brahim

  • Idriss Deby: le général Mahamat Saleh Brahim est mon cousin
  • L’AMBASSADEUR DE FRANCE JEAN PIERRE BERCOT ECHAPPE A UNE TENTATIVE D’ENLEVEMENT
  • Les exploits du Général Mahamat Saleh Brahim, dit DONG
  • Deby réorganise son armée et prépare la guerre
  • Première tentative d'élimination, en mai 2004. Plusieurs gardes zaghawas envisagent d'assassiner Idriss Déby au Palais. Ils sont dénoncés et arrêtés. Seconde tentative, en octobre 2005. Cette fois, les dissidents zaghawas se retranchent derrière la frontière soudanaise, dans le massif montagneux du Djebel Marra, et forment le Scud (Socle pour le changement, l'unité nationale et la démocratie), dont l'homme fort n'est autre que Tom Erdimi. Idriss Déby va-t-il tenir ? Pour cela, il doit conserver au moins deux cartes : la santé et l'armée. Depuis l'alerte médicale de juillet 2003, il se rend tous les six mois à l'hôpital américain de Neuilly, près de Paris. Est-ce une colopathie ou un problème au foie ? En tout cas, la maladie semble longue à soigner. Du côté de l'armée, il tente de colmater les brèches ouvertes par les déserteurs. Aujourd'hui, il s'appuie sur quelques fidèles : le général Oki Dagache, un Teda du Nord-Est qui ne l'a jamais laissé tomber, le nouveau chef d'état-major, Banyara Kossingar, un baroudeur sudiste qui a fait l'École de guerre avec lui, et enfin le vieux compagnon Mahamat Saleh Brahim à la tête de la nouvelle unité qui remplace la Garde républicaine. Mais tout cela est vain si la troupe ne suit pas. En octobre dernier, elle a refusé de tirer sur les mutins, parce qu'il s'agissait de frères zaghawas. Il est vrai que, à l'inverse, les rebelles du Scud répugnent à attaquer leurs parents loyalistes. Du coup, Idriss Déby essaie de négocier discrètement des ralliements.[7]
  • Pour déjouer le complot, Déby Itno a donc décidé de rentrer le soir même, dans le plus grand secret. À N’Djamena, seuls trois ou quatre de ses collaborateurs ont été mis au courant. Parmi eux, Daoussa Déby, son frère, et Mahamat Saleh Brahim, commandant de la garde présidentielle et compagnon de toujours : il était dans le véhicule du colonel Déby quand, le 1er avril 1989, celui-ci a quitté précipitamment N’Djamena avant d’entrer en rébellion contre Hissein Habré... [8]
  • ARMEE : Le Ministre Délégué à la Présidence de la République, Chargé de la Défense Nationale, Bichara Issa Djadallah a installé hier matin dans ses fonctions, le nouveau Commandant de la Garde Nationale et Nomade du Tchad (GNNT), le Général de Brigade Mahamat Saleh Brahim.[9]
  • Mardi 14 mars, vingt heures, heure locale : Idriss Déby Itno atterrit sur le tarmac de N’Djamena. Pour l’escorter et le protéger jusqu’à la présidence un important dispositif militaire français de l’opération Epervier, qui comprend un millier d’hommes basés en permanence au Tchad, est déployé. Un retour qui a lieu dans la plus grande confidentialité, puisque seuls quelques proches ont été mis au courant, tels que son cousin Mahamat Saleh Brahim, chef des services de sécurité de la présidence, ainsi que la présidence de la République française. [10]
  • Deby Itno doit se ressasser ce lointain 1er avril 1989 où, à bord de son véhicule Pick-up, avec son fidèle compagnon, le colonel Mahamat Saleh Brahim (actuel commandant de la garde présidentielle), et d’autres frères d’armes, il avait franchi en vitesse les portes de Djamena avant de revenir chasser, en décembre 1990, Hissène Habré, son maître d’alors. Refera-t-il le chemin inverse, mais cette fois dans le rôle de celui qu’il a servi comme com’chef ?[11]
  • « Le roi est tout nu ! » ou encore « Déby danse sur un volcan », titre Le Temps daté du 29 septembre au 05 octobre 2004. Faisant une lecture des fouilles des armes du 19 septembre dernier, L’hebdo soutient que « Contrairement à ce que disent les Français, ID n’est plus l’homme de la situation.(…) Nous entrons dans une zone de turbulences où rien ne nous met à l’abri d’une action de politico-militaires », surtout que «des sources concordantes annoncent le départ prochain du président pour un long séjour médical en France » . Et de révéler que n’ayant plus confiance à la garde républicaine dont beaucoup d’éléments ont été mis à la disposition de l’Armée Nationale tchadienne, « Le centre du pouvoir s’est déplacé et le véritable patron du Tchad est en ce moment le général Mahamat Saleh Brahim, oncle maternel du prince ». [12]
  • Face à ces défections, Idriss Déby a été contraint de rappeler le général Mahamat Saleh Brahim, son cousin, qu’il avait limogé en octobre dernier. Le nouvel homme fort du régime a été placé à la tête de la Direction des services de sécurité des institutions et de l’Etat (DGSSIE), un organisme dont les informateurs sont très actifs dans les rues et sur les marchés de la capitale.[13]
  • Après avoir extrajudiciairement vidé de ses occupants, et endommagé les résidences des frères Erdemi la semaine dernière, voici le moment est venu de confisquer l’habitation personnelle du général Sebi Aguid. Cette opération d’expulsion mesquine et honteuse ordonnée par le mythomane ID et exécutée par le mégalomane Mahamat Saleh Brahim intervient suite à l’engagement solennel de propriétaires des résidences concernées dans l’opposition armée.[14]
  • capo DGSE durante golpe 2006; giocò ruolo chiave nello sventare golpe

[edit] May 2004 Failed Coup

  • Brève mutinerie à N'Djaména
  • CHAD: Army mutiny quelled in N'djamena 16-5-04
  • Chad Oil report (juicy)
  • 2004 In May members of the government security forces led a failed coup attempt against President Deby. The government and remaining MDJT rebels continued negotiations to end the rebellion in the Tibesti region. During the year US special forces were deployed to Chad to train government troops as part of the US “Trans-Sahara Counter Terrorism Initiative.”
  • "Information Minister Moktar Wawadajab told the BBC the overnight mutiny had ended without a shot being fired, and said no-one was killed or injured." [BBC News, May 17, 2004][15]
  • On May 16, members of the Republican Guard and Nomadic Guard--both of which are components of the government security forces--led a failed coup attempt against President Deby[16]
  • During the May coup attempt and in September, the Government ordered cellular phone networks to cease operations while government forces searched private homes for weapons. The ANS requested that cellular operators provide information on the cellular lines of suspected coup plotters. International organizations and human rights groups protested government interference with telephone communications; however, the Government argued that the interference was necessary for reasons of "national security."[17]
  • Unhappy about his decision to search a third term, his amedment of the Const. to do so and his initial cooperation with Khartoum, senior Zaghawa in the military were involved in a coup attempt[18]

[edit] FDT

  • Finally, it should be noted that officials of a new Chadian political coalition, the "Chadian Democratic Front" (FDT) which is dominated by southerners, privately contend that the Habre government's actions against southerners have reached the level of genocide. To date, however, this allegation does not appear in their public manifesto or published documents.
  • A la fin de 1985 et au début de 1986, les accords signés sous l'égide du président gabonais, Omar Bongo, entre N'Djaména et des opposants (Comité d'action et de coordination au conseil démocratique révolutionnaire - CAC-CDR - de Mahamat Senoussi, Front démocratique du Tchad - FDT - du général Djogo, et le colonel Kotiga dirigeant l'opposition armée des codos au sud) s'apparentaient à des ralliements. En effet, Hissène Habré est resté le maître absolu du jeu, tout en concédant quatre ministères à ces ralliés qui ont été invités à rejoindre l'Union nationale pour l'indépendance et la révolution (UNIR), parti unique. [19]
  • The Democratic Front of Chad (Front Démocratique du Tchad--FDT) was also won over by Habré. The FDT was a coalition of groups formed in Paris in 1985 in opposition to both Goukouni and Habré. Led by General Negué Djogo, the FDT shifted its support to Habré later that year. Djogo became Habré's minister of justice in early 1986 and was shifted to minister of transportation and civil aviation in mid-1988. Two other former FDT leaders also joined the government, one as minister of finance and the other as minister of culture, youth, and sports. (country studies)
  • 23 December 1985 signed in Libreveville anon national reconciliation
  • Durante una conferenza stampa Djogo, 4 Marzo 86, era già min. giustizia; afferma che per il suo partito una soluzione politica passa per il ritorno alla democrazia. Resta però vago sulla natura specifica di queste libertà democratiche.
  • the agreement with the FDT tried to fix a deadline for the adoption of a democratic constitution
  • opp. group which claimed to offer an alternative to Habre and Goukouni. coalition of 4 pre-existing opp. groups, and claimed to represented 80% of the country. Jean Alingué, its leader, was a former ambassador to Washington and Paris, claimed support from USA and France. It supported the Codos. (political terrorism)

[edit] program nyala frolinat 1966

PROGRAMME POLITIQUE DU FROLINAT

1. Lutter par tous les moyens pour renverser le regime néo-colonialiste et dictatorial imposé à notre peuple dépuis le 11 Août 1960, après avoir hissé et maintenu une clique de marionnettes dociles à exécuter sa nouvelle politique tendant à perpetuer la domination, l'oppression et l'exploitation extrême de notre peuple sous une nouvelle forme, la plus subtile, la plus dangereuse et la plus barbare, mais qui n'en demeure pas moins la dernière : le néo-colonialisme, en vue de reconquérir l'indépendance nationale et totale de notre patrie ;

2. Evacuer toutes les bases et troupes étrangères qui sont stationnées sur le sol de notre patrie et qui constituent par là même un grand danger permanent, non seulement pour notre peuple et une aliénation de notre souverainété, mais aussi une menace et un danger permanent pour les autres pays frères africains comme l'a si justement prouvé l'envoi de ces troupes au Tchad durant les événements du Cameroun et d'ailleurs ;


3. Instaurer un gouvernement de coalition nationale démocratique et populaire. Réaliser une large démocratie progressiste en promulguant les libertés de presse, de parole, de réunion, de croyance, de circulation, d'association, etc....Amnistier les détenus politiques.

4. Appliquer une politique conséquente à la campagne. Réaliser la réforme agraire. En se basant sur le principe 'la terre appartient à ceux qui la travaillent', distribuer gratuitement la terre aux pauvres. Aider et soutenir efficacement les pysans dans tous les domaines : politique, économique, social et culturel. Augmenter, assurer et stabiliser les prix et l'écoulement des produits agricoles.

5. Augmenter d'un tiers le salaire des ouvriers, rélever les salaires, les traitements des fonctionnaires et des soldats ; supprimer toutes les taxes et impots arbitraires ; diminuer l'impot personnel ; procurer du travail aux chomeurs. Réaliser l'égalité des sexes ; procurer des soins aux malades . Améliorer constamment les conditions de vie du peuple.

6. Encourager les petits et moyens commerçants des grosses firmes et supprimer les monopoles économiques des pays impérialistes, notamment la France et les autres membres de la CEE, nationaliser les secteurs-clé de l'économie nationale. Edifier une économie nationale indépendante. Appliquer une politique de fiscalité raisonnable et équitable.

7. Edifier une culture et une éducation démocratique, progressiste et à caractère national. Adapter l'arabe et le français comme langues officielles, lutter efficacement contre l'analphabétisme en vue de radiation complète

8. Etablir des relations diplomatiques avec tous les pays sauf Israel et l'Afrique du Sud, sur la base des dix principes de la Conférence de Bandoung et les cinq principes de la coexistence pacifique. Appliquer une politique extérieure de neutralisme positif ; soutenir activement les mouvements de libération nationale ; défendre la paix mondiale

[edit] Chadian Liberation Front

  • Le 7 septembre 1965, Hassan Ahmat Moussa (tué par Hissène Habré à Ati en 1979) forme à partir du Soudan un mouvement armé, le Front de libération du Tchad (FLT). Le 22 juin 1966, Brahim Abacha forme au congrés de Niala (Soudan)avec ses amis (Mahamat Albaghlani Imam et Abakar Djalabo ..) le Front de libération nationale du Tchad (Frolinat). [20]

[edit] Bibliography

  • Terry M. Mays (2002). Africa's First Peacekeeping operation: The OAU in Chad. Greenwood. ISBN 0275976068.
  • Mario J. Azevedo (1998). Roots of Violence: History of War in Chad, 1981-1982. Routledge. ISBN 9056995839.
  • Sam C. Nolutshungu (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0813916283.
  • Alex P. Schmid & Albert J. Jongman (2005). Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1412804698.
  • Kidane Mengisteab & Cyril Daddieh (1999). State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hope and Realities. Greenwood. ISBN 0275963535.
  • (1982) Libya-Sudan-Chad Triangle: Dilemma for United States Policy. US GPO.
  • John Wright (1989). Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara. C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 1850650500.

[edit] Djogo article

  • full name Djibril negue djogo
  • on March 23 1975 djogo, chief of staff of Tombalbaye, was arrested
  • lieutenant, he was made BET prefect in 1966. He showed great disdain for the region's customs, especially the dia, or blood wealth.
  • negue djogo, made general 1966, a french-trained sara officer; lieutenant 1960 (roots of violence)
  • between 1971 and the 1975 coup, Generals Jacques Doumro and Neque Djogo, as well as other

army officers of lower rank, had also been arrested on similar charges, often unfounded. (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HDH.htm)

  • General Djogo, the southern representative who had eclipsed Karmougue at the conference as the chief southern representative, would be the vice-president and commander-in-chief of the armed forces (Kano II) (idem).
  • 6ème sommet, Kigali, 21/22 mai 1979 - le départ précipité de la délégation tchadienne dirigée par le général Djogo, vice-président du gouvernement provisoire de N’Djamena dont la représentativité est mise en doute par un certain nombre de délégations
  • De Kano va sortir un govern de transició el 29 d'abril de 1979, en el qual el general Djogo (que era el representant del sud però havia trencat de facto amb Kamougue) vicepresident.
  • In 1987 Justice Minister, in 1989 Transports and Civil Aviation Minister.
  • A la fin de 1985 et au début de 1986, les accords signés sous l'égide du président gabonais, Omar Bongo, entre N'Djaména et des opposants (Comité d'action et de coordination au conseil démocratique révolutionnaire - CAC-CDR - de Mahamat Senoussi, Front démocratique du Tchad - FDT - du général Djogo, et le colonel Kotiga dirigeant l'opposition armée des codos au sud) s'apparentaient à des ralliements. En effet, Hissène Habré est resté le maître absolu du jeu, tout en concédant quatre ministères à ces ralliés qui ont été invités à rejoindre l'Union nationale pour l'indépendance et la révolution (UNIR), parti unique. [21]

Lors du congrès de l'UNIR (Union nationale pour l'indépendance et la révolution), parti unique, d'anciens dirigeants de l'opposition, devenus ministres, ont fait leur entrée au Comité central (Djibrill Djogo, W.A. Kamougué, Kotiga Guérina). (idem)

  • represented certain militars and burocrats who remained in N'Djamena after the battle
  • The Democratic Front of Chad (Front Démocratique du Tchad--FDT) was also won over by Habré. The FDT was a coalition of groups formed in Paris in 1985 in opposition to both Goukouni and Habré. Led by General Negué Djogo, the FDT shifted its support to Habré later that year. Djogo became Habré's minister of justice in early 1986 and was shifted to minister of transportation and civil aviation in mid-1988. Two other former FDT leaders also joined the government, one as minister of finance and the other as minister of culture, youth, and sports. (country studies)
  • 23 December 1985 signed in Libreveville anon national reconciliation
  • Durante una conferenza stampa Djogo, 4 Marzo 86, era già min. giustizia; afferma che per il suo partito una soluzione politica passa per il ritorno alla democrazia. Resta però vago sulla natura specifica di queste libertà democratiche.
  • in 1982 il generale Djogo ha il commando dell'insieme delle forze del GUNT raccolte nel bet, ed ha respinto senza aiuto libico Habré a Gouro e Ounianga. [22]
  • Nel 1980 1 Marzo Djogo lancià un "manifesto per l'unità nazionale" e critica duramente il Kamougué. Solo alcuni ufficiali e funzionari, spesso legati alla memoria di Tombalbaye, firmano il suo manifesto per uno stato unitario decentrallizato.
  • During the 1983 june and july battles command at least nominal of the new "Armée de libération nationale" (ALN) was to Djogo, once commander of the FAT
  • Il 12 Feb 1979 il capo di stato maggiore, che ha 3500 uomini nella capitale, e il colonello Nguemourou; il 14 si dimette e prende il suo posto il generale Djogo
  • Un coup d'Etat militaire organisé par un réseau organisé par Mr Yorongar (selon son témoignage dans un long article dans NDjamena-Hebdo)avec l'assistance de la gendarmerie dirigée par le Chef d'escadron Kamouguée renverse et tue en 1975 François Ngarta Tombalbaye. Le Général Malloum lui succéda après le refus du Général Négué Djogo de prendre le pouvoir. Le nouveau régime militaire renforça la dictature. [23]

[edit] GUNT

  • gunt rovesciato giugno 82. In reazione creato NPG National Peace Government - formato oct. 28 a Bardai, su annuncio dell Libia. Risultato di un meeting ad Ottobre di 8 su 11 fazioni gunt. Creò un proprio esercito


[edit] Limits of Anarchy

  • The UNT (socialist, anti-imperialist, pan.african) was leaded by I. Abatcha
  • the UGFT (confessional), based among Chadian exiles in Sudan, leaded by Ahmed Moussa, Islamist - armed branch FLT
  • Abatcha secretary-general of the FROLINAT, Abou Bakar Djalabou, appointed to lead a deleg. to represent the movement abroad
  • A thirty-member committee was appointed with equal representation of UNT and FLT
  • program vaguely socialist, but not Marxist
  • Adherents were first from the East and Kanem; later the Tibesti would join
  • Sidick or Siddick was a former member of Tombalbaye's government
  • Sidick after becoming sec-general dropped socialism from the front's new program, while Afr- nationalism remained important
  • the MPLT recruited among the criminal elements of N'Djamena, and quickly acquired a solid reputation for looting
  • Kano II 3-11 April 1979: Goukouni-Habré allied against Nigeria and all other elements; all confining states were present, and also five new elements: 1) FROLINAT Originel - Abba Sidick; 2) First Army (Volcan) - Adoum Dana; 3)FROLINAT Fondamental - Hadjero Senoussi; 4) Conseil Démocratique Révolutionnaire (CDR) - Ahmat Acyl; 5) First Army of FROLINAT - Mahamat Abba Seïd. All offshoots of the original FROLINAT. Acyl, Dana and Sidick were attacked by G. and H. accusing them of having no forces on the ground; H. also attacked Nigeria andLibya for being partial to some forces. on the ground. There were violent discussions between H. and General Shehu Yar' Adua on Nigerian neutrality; at a point it was said H. and G. were under house arrest at Kano.
  • France would have preferred M. to search a deal with Sidick in 1977, but was won over by M.
  • Sidick had made no revolutionary appretship and there were doubts of his conversions from "neocolonial bourgeois politics"
  • CCFAN was the Second Army
  • Acyl rapidly rose to prominence in the first army, H. in the second
  • Acyl was a former administrator and a late entrant in the rebellion
  • Council of State
  • Mahamamat Senoussi, speaker of the National Assembly, killed with hundreds
  • reconciliation ended in november 1971 when students of the Felix Eboué High School manifastated against T., some asking Doumro to take power; T. reacted trying to divide the military.
  • Adoum Dana was called "Sudan's man"
  • rassemblement pour l'unité et la démocratie au Tchad (RUDT), in the last monthes of the gunt; it was a southern elite group, like the Rassemblement National Démocratique Populaire
  • the mangalme revolted erupted in 10-65, tax riot
  • the mdd recruited in niger and nigeria, and led by moussa medela seld
  • Dr. Outel Bono, killed in Paris in August 73, with complete cover for those responsible, a feat beyond the competence of Chadian agents, and attribured often to agents of T. aide, Camille Gouvernec, considered a man of Foccart.
  • Bono, leader of the Mouvement Démocratique de Rénovation Tchadienne (MDRT), he was sentenced to death in 1963; reprieved two years later; condemned to forced labour in 1969; and in the same year released and made in November director of public health. In 1972 he left Chad for France.
  • In this period (from 1971) T. was distancing himself from France and Foccart and aproaching himself to Mobutu. It was also thought that by doing so he wanted to distance himself with France searching USA, CIA, Isral support; but really USA had little interest in Chad

[edit] Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara

  • 1964 - French garrisons and mil. admin. is taken by Chadians in BET
  • October 1965 - tax revolt among Moubi peasants in Guéra pref.; 1966 reb. in Wadai and 1967 reb in Salamat
  • 1966 Tebu uprising - derdre escapes to Kufra, 4 of 5 sons killed
  • Siddick, former min. of education, emerged as leader in 1969 with headquarters in Tripoli; with him Libya surpassed Sudan as key aid
  • In early 1969 gov. lost control to Tebu rebels of northern prov., main settlements excluded
  • After 1973 accords Siddick moved from Tripoli to Algiers

[edit] Roots of Violence

  • frolinat squad attempted to murder Malloum? 13 April 1976 the anniverary of the coup
  • mahamat al-saleh, speaker of the CNU, was lynched by Habré's men in the first take of the capital
  • Jean Baptiste was popular mayor of Fort-Lamy, Kherallah foreign minister in 1963 when they were arrested
  • the first army, estabilished in 1969, was a loose coalition of adventurous guerilla groups operating in eastern-central Chad (Guera e Wadai). This force, about 2000 men strong, suffered severe setbacks in 1969-72 against general Cortadellas force
  • in 1976 a grenade was thrown at Malloum and his entourage, killing some, but not him
  • March 31, 1977 an attempted coup at the presidential residence ended the life of Lt. col. Ali Dabio, who was defending the palace from the mutineers. The incident led to the execution of several military officers
  • up to 69 the first army waged more of a psycholgical than a guerilla war, concentrating its activities on executing tax collectors and government officials as well as targeting defenseless institutions such as schools, dispensaries and christian missions
  • the second or northern army operated till 71 in Borku and Tibesti, under the Joint command of H. and O.
  • the third army, of Aboubakar Abderahmane, was based in Kanem P.; it was founded there in 77
  • the Armée Nationale de Libération (ANL) was formed by the fap, fao, fat, both volcan forces
  • in November 71 he fired general Doumro and put him under house arrest, partly because he had became popular among students
  • the GNN revolted in Aozou in 1968, capturing the governative garrison
  • the mnrcs was created in august 73
  • reports said that cia was passing considerable funds to MDD in 1995
  • the governaive forces were: Garde Nationale et Nomade, originaly Territorial Guard, active in the north; the Sureté Nationale, that partolled the borders, prevented crime, protected the president; the Gendarmerie, entrusted with regular police tasks; the regular army, composed of four infantry bataillons, whose duty was to safeguard's the country's territorial integrity; their was also an insignificant air force and a tiny navy. Until 1975 the gnn and the sureté were under the interior ministry, while the gend. and the army was under the defence and veteran affairs ministry. Later only the army and the gendarmerie functioned, and jurisdiction became a moot issue.
  • to confront the insurgency the Compagnie Tchadienne de Sécurité (cts) were a special unit under T. personal control, created in 1967 and trained by the Israelis; to these he aded in 1969 the so-called village militias.
  • In 1971 the army grew to 3800, the gend. to 1600 the gnn to 3500. The regular army had 4 batt., a company of paratroopers, one camel corps called Méharistes. It was headquartered at Camp Koufra in downtown N'Djamena with garrisons at Moussoro, Mongo, Faya and a few other strategic locations
  • the Air Force increased to 200 men in 1973. During the early 1970s, the army was poorly equipped and consisted largely of a few armed scout cars and some 60mm and 81mm mortars. The Air Force was equipped only with three C-47 medium transport aircraft (increased to 13 in the mid-1970s), three light transport planes, and one helicopter, all serviced at the local French air base in N'Djamena.Until 1975 almost all the pilots were French.
  • T attitude towards the army was scornful, and showed his distrust by reinforcing the cts, gend., gnn (which by 75 had doubled)
  • On 28-1-62 all parties banned; in 3-62, three cabinet ministers arrested
  • kichidemi exiled himself with 1000 followers in libya in 66, after t. had stripped him of his trad. judicial powers
  • h. was such a rising star in the late 60s that t. hade him his envoy to tripoli in 71
  • in 69-78 there were 1500-2500 french troops under first Cortadellas, then Forest; 4000 fat in 1974
  • 1979-80: gunt 5-4000; facp 5-4000 (acyl); fat: 4000 (kamougué); cdr: 3000; Isl. legion: 9-7000; fao: 1000 (abderahmane); fan: 6-4000;
  • OAC's IAF in 81 was 3800 under Ajiga; in 1982, fant 10000, codos 5-3000
  • french op. manta in 83, 3500; 1800 zaireans in 83
  • ex-fat guerillas: 300 (Dr. Balaam) in 85; in 86: french op. epervier 1500-2500; in 87 fant: 28000; in 1993 ant 40000; in 1995 ant 25000
  • the lib. used hundreds of armoured vehicles at Ouadi-Doum
  • elections 31-3-57; independent european Andre Kieffer
  • union de guéra: strictly local formation
  • joda sabun launched 8 major expeditions against the south

[edit] Other stuff

  • (Armée Nationale Tchadienne) gruppo piu grosso del FAT
  • Ahmed Kotoko was arrested in September 1961, Jean-Baptiste in January 1962 and in 1963 and Toura Ngaba in July 1962
  • Aba Siddick was member of old PPT of Lisette
  • un ancien ministre de Tombalbaye passé à l'opposition, le docteur Abba Siddick, d'origine soudano-centrafricaine et de formation française, réussissait, à partir de 1968,
  • perceived as an anti-Arab
  • Frolinat Originel at Kano II
  • It became part of the GUNT
  • The F. Originel with the Union pour la démocratie et la paix (UDP) tried to depose Goukouni and become independent of Libya
  • leaderrom 1969 by royalist Tripoli
  • former minister of education
  • The F. Originel with the Union pour la démocratie et la paix (UDP) tried to depose Goukouni and become independent of Libya
  • 1973 d occupe Aozou Libye bande que Pt vendue aurait Tombalbaye lui accord secret[24]
  • Gal Félix Malloum 13 1932 9 né devient Mbaye Sara qui chrétien
  • 1976 3 5/6 PM technique au Tchad : « réconciliation » Chirac Accord et de militaire coopération 13 4 échec attentat contre Malloum 10 18 du coutumier Oueddei dernier fils chef Goukouni se de Habré sépare Derdei proche de trop la retour progressif Libye troupes des fr des tête à rebelles la toubous Goukouni Oueddei remplace Habré[25]
  • Affaire Claustre. 1974 21 4 Claustre ethnologue Françoise fr Dr chef par Hissène Habré Toubous à Tibesti ] enlevés Bardaï Combe [coopérant la Marc de blessures de † femme ses allemand Staewen médecin sa des MRA réformes Mission administratives 3 6 Largeau militaires Faya tch amenés aviation par fr d Habré famille 60 membres la arrêtent de 11 6 Staewen de obtient contre rançon Allemagne 4 millions de F de libération 15 6 C dt négociateur par envoyé Pierre comme Galopin Fr armée auprès de détaché l tch répression la est il par considéré responsable les de rebelles comme 8 4 est par fait prisonnier de des armes la exigent qui Oueddei et Goukouni Habré Fr Oct Claustre Pierre à autorisé rencontrer femme sa mars 1975 presse alerte la 4 2 verser accepte de Fr et rançon une Pt détenus des Habré libérer politiques refuse des armes fournir de Tombalbaye prêt est à Galopin exécuté sera que si l on affirme 4 4 Galopin exécuté 23 5 Marc Combe évade s 8 23 journalistes au des clandestinement emmène Claustre P T 2 9 Habré exécutera Claustre F le 23 si la Fr P ses refuse exigences prisonnier fait Claustre 9 10 filmé 8 le Claustre 20 le diffuse TF1 reportage sur de Raymond Depardon F 9 25 la Fr 4 millions de F verse du livrer et de promet militaire matériel non mars 1976 la Fr son aide au accroît T 3 10 Claustre et F P le lendemain sont évadent s mais rattrapés 2 1977 1 les Claustre sont libérés la Libye en et arrivent Fr aide pour remercie Kadhafi son[26]
  • Mussa Medela
  • Garde Nationale et Nomade (GNN) was heavily decimated by the capture of Faya and Fada in early 1978 by Habré, and similar the army and gendarmerie in March 1979. The "Compagnies de Securité Tchadiennes" (CST), Tomb. pretorian guard, wiped out in the coup. (congress hearings)
  • Au moins, une dizaine de mouvements politico-militaires basés à la frontière soudanaise peuvent directement menacer le pouvoir du président tchadien. Parmi les mouvements les plus en vue figurent le Scud de Yaya Dilo créé début octobre avec plus de 700 hommes. Sur la longue liste des mouvements rebelles figurent le Rassemblement pour démocratie et les libertés (RDL) du capitaine Mahamat Nour, avec plus de 800 hommes. Un mouvement créé le 31 octobre 2005. Le FNTR (Front national du Tchad rénové) du professeur Babikir Ismaïl avec environ 450 hommes, créé en 1996; Le FNDT (Front national démocratique du Tchad) Hassan Aldjinedy avec plus de 250 hommes, créé en 1994; L'UDL (Union pour la démocratie et les Libertés) de Ousman Al-Fall avec plus de 200 hommes, créée fin 2004; L'ADR (Alliance pour les démocrates résistants) de Younous Ibedou, dirigée sur place par Hissène Ahmat Alhadj et créée en 1996… Les deux premiers sont les mouvements les plus importants sur le terrain. Ils discutent en ce moment pour mettre sur pied une coordination militaire.

[edit] Politique Africaine

  • nel luglio 77 schiaccianti vittorie di imbarazzante facilità del FAP a Bardai e Zouar, le due roccaforti del FAT nel Tibesti.
  • nuovo trionfo del fap a Faya nel febbraio 78, con 1200 soldati prigionieri; le forze di Goukouni erano di poco superiori; i primi grandi trionfi della rivolta, liberarono tutto il bet.
  • rottura H. e O. nell'Ottobre 76
  • sia il fap e il fan traevano la loro forza dai Toubou, del Tibesti e di una parte dell'Ennedi il FAP, del Borkou il FAN.
  • fra il 68-69 e giugno 71 intervento francese
  • Sudanesi e libici fornivano al frolinat un modesto sostegno morale e materiale
  • febbraio 77, primi consistenti aiuti a Goukouni dalla Libia
  • I francesi parlano in 4-78 di 1000 istruttori libici, fonti del frolinat 200-500
  • I libici agiscono anche su gruppi dissidenti, come l'Armata Vulcano e le Forces Populaires de libération o prima armata del centro-est.
  • Da Quando H rompe con O, viene sostenuto dal Sudan; in una conferenza a Khartoum si aggiunge nella lotta contro i ribelli 9-77
  • il fap si alleo al fan nella prima battaglia di n'djamena; nell'agosto 78 litigio fap-libia
  • fino al 1976 H e O riconoscono formalmente Siddick
  • 3-78: G diventa presidente del Conseil de la Révolution del frolinat nella conferenza straordinaria tenuta a faya. Sidick e estromesso, e la prima armata, rappresentante del centro-est sedentario, marginalizzata, anche se partecipò alla conferenza
  • h e o ruppero sull'aiuto libico
  • nel 1976 S. fu contestato dalla quasi totalità dei suoi collaboratori che fecero secessione e crearono la prima armata sotto il commando di Mahamat Abba
  • sappiamo che al congresso di Faya la prima armata partecipò malvolentieri, dietro forti pressioni libiche.
  • nascono mini tendenze: Frolinat Originel di S.; Frolinat Fondamental di Hadjaro Senoussi; Frolinat Volcan, resuscitato da Adoum Dana
  • Issa Abdallah segretario generale frolinat dal 1981, riconosce nullità del suo ruolo
  • e stato ipotizzato che il fan rappresenti i gruppi urbani, mentre le alre formazioni frolinat abbian un assetto piu rurale
  • maggio 76 scissione nel frolinat di S.; formano prima armata alias forces populaires de libération (FPL); frolinat volcan; entambi attivi nel centro-est. I dissidenti, guidati da Mahamat Abba Seïd, si opponevano ai metodi dittatoriali di S., ed in particolare al suo rifiuto di recarsi nelle zone di combattimento o di lasciarsi aiutare dagli altri membri. I ribelli si sono recati nel centro-est mettendosi in contatto con le truppe, generando una forte ripresa insurrezionale nell'area
  • s. fu ripescato in extremis come ministro nel novembre 79
  • 6-77: G. attacca con successo Zouar, Bardai, Kirdimi
  • leader chiave del FPL sono Said e Maloum Boucar
  • 1-78: G. lancia l'assalto a Faya, presa 18-2-78 dopo combattimenti durissimi; cadono anche Fada e Ounianga; operazione e chiamata "offensive Ibrahima Abatcha"
  • Il FAT si compone di 11.000 uomini nel 77, 5.000 ant e 6000 gendarmerie e gnn. le perdite subite nel 77-78 per mano del fap furono tremende: 2000 prigionieri.
  • G. claimed to have 2.300 men in 6-78; the french military speak of a 1000 libyans 4-78. I libici sembrano aver partecipato di rado agli scontri sul terreno
  • 9-77:accordo di Khartoum, tenuto segreto fino a 2-78. H. e PM in 8-78.
  • 12-2-79: battaglia di n'djamena; H. attacca, subito appoggiato da G., con la tacita complicità dei francesi. H. impiego quasi tutte le sue forze, 800 uomini sulla base dell'accordo di Khartoum. Le Figaro parla di un migliaio di uomini del fan nella battaglia, piu 300-400 reclutati sul posto. Il restante era ad Abeche e Biltine per tenere in scacco le truppe dell'est.

[edit] Africa's first peacekeping

  • Malloum and Habré resigned effective March 23 at N'Djamena and the first accompanied the Nig. delegation to Nigeria, Goukouni president: so Kano I
  • Kano II all partecipate but minor forces are kept out
  • Lol Mohamat Choua
  • Lagos I boycotted by main forces
  • Lol was seen as a protege of Habré, and he served as his minister after 1982
  • Lol Mohammed Chowa (Lol Mahamat Choua) was a protegé of Nigeria and leader of the obscure Mouvement Populaire pour la Liberation du Tchad (MPLT); gunt took office 29 april
  • Lol was an unknown civil servant
  • In 1982, USA sources: fap 5,000; fan 4,000, fat 3,000-5,000
  • Negue Djogo, vicepresident

[edit] [27]

  • OAU force: 1500 Nigerians, 900 Zairians, 600 Senegalese
  • bloddy feuds have often divided arabs; in 1947 the Missiryes turned against the Rattatinine, resulting in 180 dead; in 1972 the Missiryes slaughtered 120 rebels
  • G. is a Annakaza, H. is a Tomagra
  • bet remained under french control till 1965, and the east was periodically suppressed
  • Union Démocratique Indépendante du Tchad, Groupement des Indépendants et Ruraux Tchadiens
  • Le Mouvement pour la Démocratie et le Développement (M.D.D.). Mouvement de guérilla soutenant Hissen Habré, après que celui-ci perde le pouvoir (1990).
  • Le Mouvement Pour la Libération du Tchad (M.P.L.T.). Organisation de guérilla dirigée par Idriss Batran.

[edit] Baghlani & Volcan & Adoum Dana

  • Ahmat Acyl, who first headed the Volcan Army
  • leader of a Chadian Arab militia known as the Volcano Brigade. Today, Acyl’s fighters from the Salamat of south-central Chad
  • First Army (Volcan) - Adoum Dana
  • Another armed formation that emerged was the Volcan army, built by Muhammad Baghlani, a FROLINAT group with an Islamist tendency
  • The First Liberation Army of FROLINAT (q.v.) split up in 1977 into two Volcan (volcano) armies. The First Volcan Army of Adoum Dana was an ethnic Arab force receiving support from Sudan. It was absorbed into GUNT (q.v.) in 1981 and fought against Habré. New Volcan, the predecessor of the CDR (q.v.), was commanded by Acyl Ahmat, a protégé of Libya. Acyl aligned his followers with Goukouni against Habré in 1979. Although initially among the smallest elements (400 to 500 men), New Volcan constituted a corps of shock troops who were among the most resolute fighters in GUNT.
  • they excluded Ahmat Acyl, who had succeeded Baghlani as commander of the Volcan Army aftr the death of the latter in a flight accident.
  • As-Sayid Muhammad al-Baaqalaani (May 1977) Leader of the Chadian Volcano Forces. He was killed in a pre-arranged car accident in Tripoli. (doubtable source)
  • Acyl's volcan army had replaced the first army
  • First Liberation Army of FROLINAT: Operated in eastern Chad as one of the original armies of the FROLINAT insurgency under General Mohamed Baghlani. After Baghlani's death in 1977, its personnel gravitated to the First Volcan Army of Adoum Dana or Acyl Ahmat's New Volcan (see Volcan Forces). The First Liberation Army reemerged under Mahamat Abba Said in 1984, joining the GUNT (q.v.) coalition against Habré, but was one of the factions disapproving dependence on Libya. (CS)
  • Another armed formation that emerged was the Volcan army, built by Muhammad Baghlani, a FROLINAT group with an Islamist tendency. (wiki FROLINAT)
  • Volcan Forces: The First Liberation Army of FROLINAT (q.v.) split up in 1977 into two Volcan (volcano) armies. The First Volcan Army of Adoum Dana was an ethnic Arab force receiving support from Sudan. It was absorbed into GUNT (q.v.) in 1981 and fought against Habré. New Volcan, the predecessor of the CDR (q.v.), was commanded by Acyl Ahmat, a protégé of Libya. Acyl aligned his followers with Goukouni against Habré in 1979. Although initially among the smallest elements (400 to 500 men), New Volcan constituted a corps of shock troops who were among the most resolute fighters in GUNT (CS)
  • Les Sudistes ont ete accuses de tous les maux, le plus petits etant l'exclusion. C'est comme un seul homme (sic) que les Nordistes se sont alignes derriere le FROLINAT, mis sur pied le 22 juin 1966, au congrés de Nyala (Soudan) par Brahim Abacha et ses amis Mahamat El-Baghlani Imam et Abakar Djalabo entre autres. (a phorum)
  • Abdulaye Adoum Dana was down half of the Chari-Baguirmi
  • Le 22 juin 1966, Brahim Abacha forme au congrés de Niala (Soudan)avec ses amis (Mahamat Albaghlani Imam et Abakar Djalabo ..) le Front de libération nationale du Tchad (Frolinat).
  • En 1976, Acyl Ahmat (ex-député de Tombalbaye) arrive en Libye et rejoint le mouvement politico-militaire volcan dirigé par Mahamat AlBaghlani Imam. Debut janvier 1977, Acyl soutenu par la Libye s'oppose à Albaghlani. Le 27 mars 1977, Mahamat Albaghlani trouve la mort à Benghazi (Libye) dans un accident de circulation flou (avec lui meurt son chauffeur Mahamat Hissein).
  • non ci sono dubbi che il CDR fu originariamente un movimento arabo rappresentante l'entrata in scena dei grandi gruppi beduini del Chad centale. In particolare nel 1977-78 rappresenta "l'entree en force dans le combat des populations de centre-Chad, et notamment des grosses tribus bedouines. Ce sont desormais les gros escadrons del dar-el-Islam qui entrent dans la bataille." Sono animati da una profonda diffidenza verso i Gorane. A partire dai primi mesi del 1978 il sostegno al cdr dei libici fu piu costante e piu cospicuo che alle altre fazioni. Nell'estate 1978 scontri sanguinosi a Faya causati dal CDR col sostegno libico col FAP, vinti da quest'ultimo. Questi scontri portarono ad una momentanea rottura del fap con i libici, i cui consiglieri vennero portati alla frontiera, ed un breve riavvicinamento con H. e la Francia.
  • nel 6-70, Mohammed El Baghalani, massimo rappresentante arabo del frolinat, viene espulso per volontà di S. Dopo questo nasce la Armée Volcan, che non costiturà fina alla sua morte (marzo-77) una vera forza sul terreno, ma iniziò una fase ascendente in seguita all'avvicinamento a G., e soprattutto dopo che Acyl divenne leader.
  • nel congresso di faya si riuniscono nel 1978 in un nuovo frolinat fap, 1 armata, volcan.
  • the new army was composed mainly of Arab elements that shunned Siddick; emerged in 75 under Mohamad Baghalani (subsequently killed in a traffic accident in Tipoli 77). Eventually it coordinated its activities with Gukuni in Biltine and Salamat. It was headed by Ahmat Acyl, and then Acheikh Ibn Oumar. It engaged Chadian forces in the East along the Sudanese border.
  • CDR = Comité Démocratique de la Révolution

[edit] Time article on coup

  • Mock Burial. More recently, Tom-balbaye's opposition has come from fellow Bantu military officers and members of his own party as well. In 1973 General Felix Malloum, then commander in chief of the army, was arrested for allegedly conspiring to overthrow Tombalbaye. Early this year Mrs. Kaltouma Guembang, former head of the Progressive Party's women's wing, was tried for attempting to kill the President by witchcraft. She allegedly hired wizards to pierce the eyes of a black sheep—symbolizing Tombalbaye—and bury it alive. The movement to oust Tombalbaye gained momentum last summer when, as part of an authenticity campaign called Chaditude, he ordered all high government officials, civil servants and military officers to undergo Yondo, a sometimes fatal initiation ritual. The ordeal, which Tombalbaye himself underwent as an adolescent, is known to involve flogging, facial scarring, drugging and mock burial (TIME, Nov. 18).
  • After last week's coup, Malloum was released from prison and named President of a nine-man Supreme Military Council that will administer Chad until a provisional government can be formed. The junta immediately suspended Tombalbaye's 1962 constitution, banned all political parties and arrested eight of the President's top aides. In a midnight radio address, Malloum promised to bring economic and social reform to Chad

[edit] odingar

  • leaded coup Apr. 13 1975 Noel Odingar - Noël Milarew Odingar

Lol Mahamat Choua = Lol Muḥammad Shawwa Goukouni Oueddeï = Gukuni Wodeimi Président de la république par intérim 1 Dec 1990 - 2 Dec 1990 Jean Bawoyeu Alingué

2ème partie:- Comment la France a t-elle décidé de recoloniser le Tchad en 1968? La France décide de reprendre la situation en main Sous le nom de « Redressement de la situation au Tchad » que l’on peut qualifier de « recolonisation » avec un budget de 6 Millions 750 mille FF pour reprendre la situation en main, il fallait convaincre le président Tombalbaye de soutenir le projet français ou en termes clairs, accepter ce fait accompli. Le général de Gaulle envoie au Tchad Yvon Bourges secrétaire d’Etat aux affaires étrangères, accompagné de trois collaborateurs. Ils arrivent le 15 mars 1969. Coïncidence ou pas, la veille de l’arrivée de la délégation française, deux ressortissants français sont attaqués. Il s’agit de Fornassari et de Radehi. Le premier est agent du bureau d’études de contrôle du F.E.D. à Ati. Il est attaqué à Haraze à 150 km de la ville d’Ati. Le deuxième est chef de chantier de la SETH. Il a été enlevé le même jour, cette fois-ci, non loin de la capitale et remis en liberté le lendemain après paiement d’une rançon. Le jour de l’arrivée de la délégation, l’adjudant chef français, Marcel Orione âgé de 39 ans, marié et père d’un enfant a été tué à la tête de sa section Nomade au cours d’une opération de maintien de l’ordre à Oum-Hadjer. Bien sûr que ces atrocités sont regrettables mais elles tombent à point nommé surtout qu’elles réconfortent la délégation française qui cherche à passer sans encombre le programme de redressement décidé par le général de Gaulle.

Se basant sur les accords de coopération et de défense Franco-Tchadiens de 1960, accords qui avaient à l’époque été ratifiés à l’unanimité par l’Assemblée nationale du Tchad, le président Tombalbaye n’a pas d’autre choix que d’accepter le programme de redressement français. Car la France maintenant une force militaire au Tchad, était capable de défaire le régime du président Tombalbaye. S’agissant de la position des membres du gouvernement, Il faut souligner qu’il n’existait que peu de résistance au projet français. A part, le très nationaliste ministre tchadien Antoine Bangui qui se doutait de l’intention de la France et qui est resté au fond de lui même sur sa position, il y a aussi, le colonel Odingar qui s’est fermement opposé au projet faisant savoir qu’il entraîne la dépendance du Tchad. Pour la France, ces positions étaient isolées et ne représentaient aucun danger pour la réalisation du projet que le général de Gaulle a lui même adopté et imposé au Tchad.

[edit] Pierre Toura Gaba

  • Pierre Toura Gaba est né le 28 décembre 1920, à Maibyan, près de Moïssala dans le Moyen-Chari. Diplômé de l'Ecole Supérieure Edouard Renard, Toura a été instituteur à Ati, Abbéché, Bongor, Fort-Archambault. Elu conseiller représentatif du Tchad de 1946 à 1956. Député à l'Assemblée nationale du Tchad de 1957 à 1962 (Agriculture, Travaux publics et Communications, Affaires étrangères, Education Nationale), il fut après sa détention administrative nommé ambassadeur près de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne (1966-1973) puis après son exil volontaire en France ambassadeur du Tchad à Washington (1976-79). Réfugié aux Etats-Unis en 1979, il a regagné le Tchad en 1991. Décédé à Ndjaména le 7 mars 1998.
  • Mon arrestation en 1962. Mon pardon en 1994.
  • Ce pamphlet a circulé sous le manteau au Tchad à partir du mois d'août 1974. Il a été écrit à Paris, où l'auteur s'était installé en janvier 1974, après avoir démissionné de son poste d'ambassadeur en RFA. Cette polémique est une page de l'histoire du Tchad, montrant à quel point la vie politique était dégradée sous la dictature de François Tombalbaye, et qu'un homme courageux pouvait lui résister ouvertement, prônant le refus d'accepter en silence la tyrannie. (NON A LA TOMBALBAYE ! Fragments autobiographiques) by Harmattan 1998
  • TOURA GABA PJ, Ministre des travaux publics nel 8-1-60
  • molti parteciparono al suo funerale
  • En 1946, on assiste à la création du Parti progressiste tchadien (PPT) que dirigent l’Antillais Gabriel Lisette et le Tchadien Toura Gaba.
  • 1960 - 1961 Pierre Toura Gaba, ministro degli esteri
  • il 29 settembre 60 il chad già lavora alle sedute dell'onu; il capo-delegazione è toura gaba

[edit] GNN

  • Article 192 Le maintien de l'ordre public et de la sécurité est assuré par la Police Nationale, la Garde Nationale et Nomade et la Gendarmerie Nationale.
  • Article 201 L'action de la Garde Nationale et Nomade s'exerce sur l'ensemble du territoire de la République du Tchad dans le respect des libertés et des droits de l'Homme.
  • « Déby fait appel aux Goranes », titre N’Djaména bi-hebdo, dans sa livraison du 07 au 09 juin 2004. Le journal écrit que « durement secoué par la tentative avortée de son assassinat par ses propres éléments, le président Idriss Déby tente de se reconstituer une nouvelle force pour parer à une autre éventualité ». Et de révéler que « le général de brigade Brahim Saleh, commandant de la Garde nationale et nomade et oncle du président Idriss a reçu de celui-ci l’ordre de recruter dans les milieux Goranes, notamment parmi les anciens proches de Hissein Habré ».[28]
  • ARMEE : Le Ministre Délégué à la Présidence de la République, Chargé de la Défense Nationale, Bichara Issa Djadallah a installé hier matin dans ses fonctions, le nouveau Commandant de la Garde Nationale et Nomade du Tchad (GNNT), le Général de Brigade Mahamat Saleh Brahim.[29]
  • Camille Gourvernec capo del CNN, anziano ufficiale a capo anche del Centre de Coordination et d'exploitaition du reinseignement, fino al coupGiscard - PA
  • The continued insurgency necessitated further enlargement of the army, to a total of 3,800 men by 1971. The army formed a paratroop company from 350 Chadians trained by Israeli instructors at a base in Zaire. In addition to strengthening the regular army, the government increased mobile security companies of the National Gendarmerie, equipped as light infantry, to a strength of more than 1,600 men. A third force, the National Guard (later known as the National and Nomad Guard), which had at least 3,500 members, provided security for officials, government buildings, and regional government posts. Except for the small number of nomad guards, the army and other security components continued to be composed primarily of members from southern ethnic groups, especially the Sara.[LOC]
  • Les membres de l’équipage sont sortis indemnes de l’accident, à l’exception du nouveau commandant de la Garde nationale et nomade du Tchad (GNNT), le colonel Moussa Sougui Hawar, qui a été grièvement brûlé. Il est actuellement hospitalisé dans un centre de soins intensifs de la localité.adré battle
  • Le parti au pouvoir condamne l`attaque de deux camps militaires - Le Mouvement patriotique du Salut (MPS), parti du président Idriss Déby au pouvoir au Tchad, condamne ce mardi, l`attaque dans la nuit du dimanche au lundi dernier, d`une caserne militaire dans les faubourgs de N`Djamena et du camp de la Garde nationale et nomade du Tchad (GNNT) à N`Djamena, a constaté sur place, la Pana. Source : angola press 16/11/2005 à 13:57 [30]
  • By the late 1960's, the Chadian armed forces were

divided into the Territorial Guard (later called the Garde Nationale et Nomade), the Surete Nationale, the gendarmerie, and the regular army.(21) (See Figure 5.)

  • While that was larger than the

twelve hundred man gendarmerie, the army had become smaller than either the National Guard or the Nomad Guards, each of which had grown to about two thousand.

  • Another factor prevented more popular support for the

CSM: the allegation made in several quarters that the French had been responsible for, or played a part in, the coup. Evidence of French involvement did exist at the time. The French commander of the Chadian National Guard and Nomadic Guards, was also the Director of Information Services. He was also a close advisor of Tombalbaye, and in a position to have known in advance of the coup. His failure to warn Tombalbaye, and the failure of the 2,000 French troops in Ndjamena to come to Tombalbaye's aid when requested, may have indicated at least a decision by the French that the coup attempt should be allowed to proceed. The French government was in a position to be unhappy with Tombalbaye for his failure to settle the war, for his mandatory yondo initiation rites, and for his failure to resolve the issue of French hostages being held by Hissene Habre's Second Liberation Army since April, 1974.(7) Charges of being a lackey of the French had been made against Tombalbaye, especially upon his request for French military assistance in 1966.

[edit] Arabs at War

P. 391

  • all'inizio del 1987 G. ha ammassato nel C. sett. 8,000 regolari, 300 tanks, 60 elic. da comb.
  • di questi 2,500 erano nel Tibesti, e costituivano "Operational Group South"; nell'est vi erano i restanti, ossia "Operational Group East", con sede a Faya. Tutte le forze libiche avevano centro a Wadi Doum.
  • La prevista offensiva libica fu ritardata dal dover dirottare parte delle forze per fronteggiare il GUNT nel Tibesti. Pertanto furono anticipati da H.
  • Con l'86 H. aveva creato un esercito di 10,000 regolari e 20,000 irregolari tribali da usare sporadicamente per op. nelle loro regioni.
  • La forza dell'offensiva ciadiana fu di 4,000-5,000 regolari, capitanati da Hassan Djamous e Ahmed Gorou. Avevano poi 70 French Panhard and American V-150 armoured cars + c. 400 Toyota trucks equipped with machine guns, recoilless rifles, mortars, grenade launchers e MILAN ATGMS.
  • Fada fu presa il 2/1/87; era difesa da 1,200 regolari libici, "with armor and artillery in fortified positions".

P. 393

  • Alla metà di Marzo un battaglione corazzato di 1,500 soldati libici partì per riprendere Fada. Esploratori ciadiani li seguirono per tutta la strada. La sera del 18/3 fermarono la marcia per riposare, "and went into laager near B'ir Kora".
  • Djamous circondò quella notte i libici con le sue unità; all'alba, attaccarono. "They began by launching a diversionary strike on one side of the L. position", il che spinse il comandante in preda al panico, a muovere tutte le sue riserve sul settore minacciato; a questo punto D. lanciò l'assalto principale contro l'ala opposta. I C. penetrarono in profondità nel perimetro difensivo libico, e i L. si dimostrarono privi dell'agilità di manovra per spostare le forze e chiudere la falla, o contrattaccare.gap "caved a large area in the defensive perimeter"
  • Come risultato, the C. main force fanned out and struck the rest of the Libyan positions from the rear in conjunction with frontal assaults by the Chadian diversionary forces.
  • I L. mandarono una chiamata d'aiuto a Wadi Doum; il capo del Op. Gr. East mandò allora quella sera in soccorso un secondo battaglione. Il tempo per organizzare il soccorso fu cosi lungo che fece si che tutto era già finito al momento della partenza a B'ir Kora.
  • That night the Chadians caught the L. 12 miles north from B'ir Kora, and at dawn destroyed it like with the first armored-batallion task-force.
  • In the battle 800 L. were killed e persero 86 T-55 distrutti e 13 T-55 catturati.
  • Wadi Doum era difeso ancora da 4,000-5,000 uomini, sia pure gravemente demoralizzati da B'ir Kora. I. C. decisero di sfruttare il vantaggio e colpire subito; H. mandò 2,000-3,000 uomini sotto D. ad attaccare W. I Libici notarono che il FANT aveva circondato la base, ma non esplorarono le posizioni C. e pertanto non potevano sapere da dove sarebbe venuto il prossimo attacco; I C. invece furono scrupolosi e scoprirono the pathways fra gli extensive campi minati.
  • Il 22/3 D. attacco; "the hardest part of the fight was breaching the outer ring of the Libyan defences, but C. att. simul. at two opposing points and blasted their ways through these lines. The L. were slow to commit their reserves, permitting the C. to penetrate their forward defences and fan out before the breakthroughs could be sealed".

P. 394

  • Le forze L. furono persino incapaci di sferrare un contrattacco, nonostante la loro ampia "armored reserve", permettendoli di dilagare una volta penetrati nel perimetro. Il Lt. Gen. Benard Trainor, military correspondent with the FANT, disse addirittura che per "the speed of their advance and the unexpec. routes taken by the C." I L. furono incapaci di reagire, senza che sparassero "one artillery round". 4 hours after the attack began, the L. had lost the base.
  • Le forze L. si ragrupparono fuori dal perimetro quella sera, e la matina successiva tentarono "a sloppy, slow-moving, uncoordinated - yet very determinated - counterattack". Ma avendo perso o abbandonato gran parte dell'equipaggiamento, furono respinti.
  • L'aviazione L. fu inefficace per i C. Redeyes che li costrinsero a rimanere sopra i 10,000 piedi, altitudine troppo alta per i Toyota. Comunque gli attacchi lanciati dopo lo scontro da Maatan as-Sarrah impedirono l'inseguimento dei L.
  • Perdite Libiche: 1,269 morti; 438 prigionieri (fra cui il commandante dell'Op. Gr. E. Colonel Khalifa Haftar); 300 tanks e APC (o APCS); 20 czech-made L-29 light-aircraft; 4 Mi-24; diverse batterie di SA-13 e SA-6 SAM. Fra le perdite, pesanti in particolare quelle della Jamahiriyyah Guard, li portata per indurire lo spirito combattivo. Per contro i C. persero 29 morti e 58 feriti.
  • La sconfitta costrinse all'abondono del C. centrale: era impossibile mantenere Faya e le guarnigioni minori a causa delle operazioni del FANT dal Tibesti e dalle basi conquistate a est. G. ritirò le sue forze nella striscia di Aouzou, dove fece accorrere rinforzi. In primavera aveva pporto le forze a 12,000-13,000 , più di 1/3 di tutto l'esercito libico.

[edit] Libya - H.C. Metz

P. 262

  • Intervento di 3,000 fr. interruppe successi libici; poi un accordo portò a ritiro francese nel 11/1984, mentre i libici si dispersero e si nascosero sul terreno.
  • Nel Dicembre 1986 H. spostò 2,000/3,000 soldati in soccorso a Gukuni nel Tibesti
  • Nel Marzo 1987 presa Ouadi Doum, difesa da 5,000 libici. Due giorni dopo fu evacuata Faya, che rischiava di essere circondata.
  • In 3 mesi oltre 3,000 libici erano morti prigionieri o disertori. Molti erano morti fuggendo dalla battaglia; a Ouadi molti Libici erano morti cadendo sui propri campi minati in fuga.
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