Alasdair MacColla
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Alasdair MacColla (circa 1620 to 1647) was a Scottish-Irish soldier. His full name in Scottish Gaelic was Alasdair MacColla Ciotach MacDomhnaill (in English: Alasdair the son of Colla the Left-handed, of the clan MacDonald). He is sometimes mistakenly referred to in English as "Collkitto", a nickname that properly belongs to his father. He fought in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, most notably in the Scottish Civil War. He died in the battle of Knocknanauss in 1647.
MacColla was born in the Western Isles of Scotland in the early seventeenth century into Clan Donald. His early life encompassed both Gaelic Ireland and the Gaelic western Highlands of Scotland - as the MacDonalds had a presence in both countries. Like his father, Colla, Alasdair made his name as a soldier, being particularly noted for his use of a Scots broadsword called the claymore. In his young days, he saw fighting against the Campbell clan, with whom the MacDonalds had a long running feud over territory and power. This enmity was deepened by religious factors. The Campbells were Presbyterians, whereas the MacDonalds, among whom a Franciscan mission had settled, were Roman Catholics.
[edit] Civil War in Ireland and Scotland
However, MacColla really came to prominence with the onset of the conflict knowns as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The MacDonald clan, which was spread over north-western Scotland and north-eastern Ireland, sided with the Royalists and Irish Confederates. Their deadly enemies, the clan Campbell, sided with the Scottish Covenanters. Early in the war, MacColla was forced to flee the Western Isles, which were attacked by a Covenanter/Campbell force. Colla, his father was taken prisoner by the Campbells. On the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, MacColla found himself in Antrim, under the command of Randal MacDonald, the chief of the Irish MacDonalds. MacColla, who was a Catholic, quickly became involved in fighting the Protestant settlers there. He was implicated in some massacres of Protestant civilians, but also scored some notable military victories. However, he was defeated and wounded in an attempt to take Lisburn. In 1642, the Scottish Covenanters landed an army in Ulster and drove the Irish Catholic forces out of the province.
In 1644, he was selected by the Supreme Council of Confederate Ireland to lead an expedition to Scotland to aid the Royalists there against the Covenanters. He was given a command of 1500-2000 men, mostly from Ulster. When in Scotland, MacColla linked up with the Royalist James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose. He was also able to raise men among his MacDonald clansmen and other anti-Campbell Scottish clans. In the subsequent Scottish Civil War, MacColla and Montrose won a series of victories at Tippermuir, Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldearn, Alford and Kilsyth. MacColla also took the opportunity to pillage the Campbell lands, killing all the men he could find there. However, he and Montrose parted company because MacColla's priorities lay in the western Highlands, whereas Montrose wanted to secure the Lowlands and ultimately England for the Royalist cause. As a result, both of them were defeated separately by the Covenanters in 1646.
MacColla has been credited with inventing the tactic of the Highland charge in the Civil Wars - where his men ran at enemy infantry, fired a volley at close range and then closed hand to hand. This proved remarkably effective in both Ireland and Scotland, due to the musket's slow reloading time and the poor discipline and training of many of the troops MacColla's men faced.
MacColla's men committed a series of atrocities against the civilians of clan Campbell. During his two periods in occupation of Argyle, the Campbell territory (1645 and 1647), MacColla had all men of military age killed, whether they were in arms or not. On one infamous occasion, MacColla had a whole barn full of Campbells (including women and children) burned, in an incident known as the "Barn of Bones".
[edit] Defeat and death
MacColla's father, who was a prisoner of the Campbells, was killed in retaliation for his son's atrocities in the Campbell country. MacColla himself retreated to Kintyre and then to Ireland, where he re-joined the Irish Confederates in 1647. His troops, (both Irish survivors of the 1644 expedition and Scottish Highlanders) were split up and assigned to the Leinster and Munster armies, with MacColla attached to the latter. MacColla's men were mostly killed in the Confederate defeats at the battle of Dungans Hill in Meath and then at the battle of Knocknanauss in Cork. Alasdair MacColla himself was killed by English Parliamentarian soldiers at Knocknanauss after he had been taken prisoner.
After his death, MacColla became a figure of minor folklore in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland. He is commemorated in the Scottish Gaelic poetry of Iain Lom MacDonald and in Ireland by a piece of traditional music named MacColla's March or Alasdair MacColla that dates from the mid seventeenth century and is still performed, notably by the band Clannad.
