Agoge

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The agoge was a rigorous education and training regime undergone by all Spartan citizens (with the exception of future kings^{[citation needed]}). It involved separation from the family, cultivation of loyalty to one's group, loving mentorship, military training, hunting, dance and social preparation.

The term agoge (ἀγωγή) literally translates as 'raising'. Supposedly introduced by the semi-mythical Spartan law-giver Lycurgus but thought to have had its beginnings between the seventh and the sixth centuries,^[1][2] it trained boys from the age of seven to eighteen.

The aim of the system was to produce the physically and morally steeled males to serve in the Spartan army, men who would be the "walls of Sparta," the only city with no defensive walls – they had been taken down at the order of Lycurgus. Discipline was strict and the boys were encouraged to fight amongst themselves in order to determine who was the strongest in the group.

Contents 1 Structure 2 Education of girls 3 Modern influence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References

[edit] Structure

When a boy completed his seventh year (on his seventh birthday) he was placed under the authority of the paidonomós (παιδνομός), a magistrate charged with the supervision of education.

Cycles of the agoge, after H.-I. Marrou

from 8 to 11 years, little boy	ῥωϐίδας / rōbídas (meaning unknown)
	προμικκιζόμενος / promikkizómenos (pre young boy)
	μικκι(χι)ζόμενος / mikki(khi)zómenos (young boy)
	πρόπαις / própais (pre-boy)
from 12 to 15 years, boy	πρατοπάμπαις / pratopámpaïs (1st year boy)
	ἁτροπάμπαις / atropámpaïs (2nd year boy)
	μελλείρην / melleírên (future irén)
	μελλείρην}} / melleírên (idem, 2nd year)
from 16 to 20 years, irén	εἰρήν / eirên 1st year, or σιδεύνας sideúnas (unknown)
	2nd year εἰρήν
	3rd year εἰρήν
	4th year εἰρήν
	πρωτεῖρας / prōteĩras chief-irén

Boys were sent from the family home and from then on lived in groups (agelae, herds) under an older boy leader. They were encouraged to give their loyalty to their communal mess hall rather than their families, even when married they would not eat an evening meal with their wives until at least 25. The boys however were not well fed and it was expected that they would steal their food. If caught stealing however, they would be severely punished. All Spartan males with the exception of the eldest son of each of the Spartan royal households (Agiad and Eurypontid) were required to go through this process (they were permitted not to attend as it was believed they were part god).

A form of institutionalised pederasty, claimed by some ancient historians to have been of a chaste nature, was practised whereby older warriors would engage a youth in a long-lasting love relationship with a pedagogic purpose. The boy was expected to request the relationship, which was considered important in passing on knowledge and in maintaining loyalty on the battlefield – when sacrificing to a god before battle, the Spartans sacrificed to the god of love, Eros.

At the age of 18 after the agoge the most promising young Spartans were taken into the Crypteia, this was an organisation that tested their skills and enforced the obedience of the Helot slave population by encouraging the Spartans to seek and murder Messenian slaves who were about at nighttime.

Any male who did not successfully pass through the Agoge would be denied Spartan citizenship. Eventually the selection process became detrimental to Spartan society and the population declined to just a few hundred adult males by AD.4.

[edit] Education of girls

Girls also had a form of state education involving dance, gymnastics and other sport, together with other subjects. The aim here was similar to that of the agoge in that it aimed to make Spartan women the most physically attractive in the whole of Greece, and to enable them to bear healthy and vigorous children. Feminine traits such as grace and culture were frowned upon, in favor of physical tempering and moral rectitude. Just like the boys, a girl's education included a loving mentorship with an older woman.

Spartan women wore the old-fashioned peplos (πέπλος), open at the side, leading to banter at their expense among the other Greeks, who dubbed them phainomerides, (φαινομηρίδες), "thigh-showers." At religious ceremonies, on holidays and during physical exercise girls and women were nude, even with the boys and men.

[edit] Modern influence

The agoge was the inspiration behind the Nazi 'Hitler Youth Helot movement' which was very popular in 1930's Germany and taught similar values of honour and strength in battle and duty to the state and not the individual, and the superiority of the home nation (just like the Agoge).

[edit] See also

• History of Sparta
• Paideia
• Spartan pederasty

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

Paul Cartledge, The Spartans; Pan Books, (2002)