Afonso V of Portugal
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Afonso V, King of Portugal KG (Portuguese pron. IPA [ɐ'fõsu]; English Alphonzo), or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), the African (Port. o Africano), 12th king of Portugal and Algarves was born in Sintra in January 15, 1432 and died in the same city in August 28, 1481. He was the oldest son of king Duarte of Portugal by his wife, princess Eleanor of Aragon. Afonso V was only six years old when he succeeded his father in 1438.
During his minority, Afonso V was placed under the regency of his mother, according to a late will of his father. As both a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. Opposition rose and the queen's only ally was Afonso, the illegitimate half brother of Duarte I and count of Barcelos. In the following year, the Cortes (assembly of the kingdom) decided to replace the queen with Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, the young king's oldest uncle. His main policies were concerned with avoiding the development of great noble houses, kingdoms inside the kingdom, and concentrating power in the person of the king. The country prospered under his rule, but not peacefully, as his laws interfered with the ambition of powerful nobles. The count of Barcelos, a personal enemy of the duke of Coimbra (despite being half-brothers) eventually became the king's favourite uncle and began a constant struggle for power. In 1442, the king made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza. With this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe. To secure his position as regent, in 1445 Pedro married his daughter, Isabel of Coimbra, princess of Portugal, to Afonso V.
But in June 9, 1448, when the king came of age, Pedro had to surrender his power to Afonso V. The years of conspiracy by the duke of Braganza finally came to a head. In September 15 of the same year, Afonso V nullified all the laws and edicts approved under the regency. The situation became unstable and, in the following year, being led by what he afterwards discovered to be false representations, Afonso declared Pedro a rebel and defeated his army in the battle of Alfarrobeira, in which both his uncle and father in law was killed. After this battle and the loss of one of Portugal's most remarkable princes, the duke of Braganza became the de facto ruler of the country.
Afonso V then turned his attentions to the North of Africa. In his grandfather's (John I of Portugal) reign, Ceuta had been conquered from the king of Morocco, now the new king wanted to expand the conquests. The king's army conquered Alcacer Ceguer (1458), Tangiers (won and lost several times between 1460 and 1464) and Arzila (1471). This achievements granted the king the nickname of African. The king also supported the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean led by prince Henry the Navigator but, after Henry's death in 1460 he did nothing to pursue this course of action. Administratively, Afonso V was an absent king, since he did not pursue development of laws or commerce, preferring to stand with the legacy of his father and grandfather.
When the campaigns in Africa were over, Afonso V found new grounds to battle in the Iberian Peninsula. In neighbouring Castile, a huge scandal with political and dynastic implications was rising. King Henry IV of Castile was dying without heirs. From his two marriages, only a daughter, Joan, princess of Castile had been born. But her paternity was questioned, as rumour said the king was impotent and the queen, princess Joana of Portugal, had a notorious affair with a nobleman called Beltrán de La Cueva. The birth of princess Joan in 1462, openly called the Beltraneja, caused the divorce of her parents. She was never consider legitimate and, now that the king was dying, no one took her as a serious contender for the crown. Her aunt, Isabella I of Castile that was due to inherit the crown. But Afonso V was keen to interfere with the succession in Castile. In 1475 he married his niece Joan, the Beltraneja, who he considered the legitimate heir to the crown. Since her adulteress mother was his own sister, Afonso V had not only ambition, but the family honour to protect. He proclaimed himself king of Castile and León and prepared to defend his wife's rights. But in the following year he was defeated at the battle of Toro by king Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella of Castile. He went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 with very low spirits. Disillusioned and depressed he fell into a deep melancholy and abdicated to his son João. After this, he retired to a monastery in Sintra where he died in 1481. His death was mourned in the country, by the people who loved the king, and by the nobles who were starting to fear his successor.
Afonso was a direct descendant of Edward III of England through his son John of Gaunt and therefore was a direct descendant of William the Conqueror, King of England.
[edit] Ancestors
| Afonso V of Portugal | Father: Edward of Portugal |
Father's father: John I of Portugal |
Father's father's father: Peter I of Portugal |
| Father's father's mother: Teresa Lourenço |
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| Father's mother: Philippa of Lancaster |
Father's mother's father: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster |
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| Father's mother's mother: Blanche of Lancaster |
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| Mother: Leonor of Aragon |
Mother's father: Ferdinand I of Aragon |
Mother's father's father: John I of Castile |
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| Mother's father's mother: Eleanor of Aragon |
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| Mother's mother: Eleanor of Alburquerque |
Mother's mother's father: Sancho, Count of Alburquerque |
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| Mother's mother's mother: Infanta Beatriz, Countess of Alburquerque |
[edit] Marriages and descendants
Afonso married first to his cousin Isabel of Coimbra in 1447. Isabel died in 1455 and Afonso married again (although not recognized by the Papacy) in 1475, this time to Joan of Castile (known as "la Beltraneja"), daughter of Henry IV of Castile and Joan of Portugal. This marriage was an attempt to inherit the throne of Castile as Joan was the sole daughter of Henry IV. However this didn't happen as Afonso lost a short war with Castile.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Isabel of Coimbra (1432-December 2, 1455; married on May 6, 1447) | |||
| Prince John | January 29, 1451 | 1451 | Crown Prince of Portugal (1451). |
| Princess Joan | February 6, 1452 | May 12, 1490 | Crown Princess of Portugal (1452-1455). Known as Saint Joan of Portugal or Saint Joan Princess. Canonized in 1693 by Pope Innocent XII |
| John II | March 3, 1455 | October 25, 1495 | Who succeeded him as 13th King of Portugal. |
| Joan of Castile (1462-1530; married on May 30, 1475) | |||
| By Maria Álvares de Carvalho (?-?) | |||
| Álvaro Soares de Carvalho | c. 1467 | 1557 | Natural son. |
[edit] See also
- Afonso de Albuquerque (contemporary Portuguese naval general)
- Portugal in the Age of Discovery
| House of Aviz Cadet Branch of the Houses of Capet and Burgundy Born: 15 January 1432; Died: 28 August 1481 |
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| Preceded by: Edward |
Kings of Portugal 1438–1481 |
Succeeded by: John II |
