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Adelaide South Australia
Population: • Density:	1,124,315 (2004) (5th) 615/km²
Area:	1,826.9 km²
Time zone:  • Summer (DST)	ACST (UTC+9:30) ACST (UTC+10:30)

Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia, with a population of over 1.1 million.^[1] It is a coastal city beside the Southern Ocean, and is situated on the Adelaide Plains, north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between the Gulf St. Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. It is a roughly linear city: it is 20 km from the coast to the foothills.

Named in honour of Queen Adelaide, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia. Colonel William Light inspired by William Penn, designed the city to set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards, large public squares, with rings of transportation and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to world-first reforms. Adelaidean society remained largely puritan up until the 1970. Today Adelaide is known for its many festivals as well as for its wine, arts and sports.

As South Australia's seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated along North Terrace boulevard.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Urban layout 3 Governance 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Sport 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Health 8.2 Transport 8.3 Utilities 9 Notes and references 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 External links

[edit] History

Main article: History of Adelaide

Prior to European settlement, the Adelaide area was inhabited by the Kaurna Aboriginal tribe. By 1852, the total population (by census count) of the Kaurna was 650 in the Adelaide region and steadily decreasing. ^{[2] [3]}

South Australia was officially settled as a new British province on December 28, 1836. This day is now commemorated as a public holiday, Proclamation Day, in South Australia. Adelaide had larger roads and parks from the start. Adelaide was established as the centre of a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, and does not share the convict settlement history of other Australian cities like Sydney and Hobart.

Adelaide's shaky early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from New South Wales and Tasmania. The wool industry served as an early basis for the South Australian economy. Wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north by 1860. Governor Gawler took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, gaol, police barracks, hospital, and customs house and a wharf at Port Adelaide. In addition houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors were also constructed during Gawler's governorship. Adelaide had also become economically self-sufficient during this period but at heavy cost: the colony was heavily in debt and relied on bail-outs from London to stay afloat. Gawler was recalled and replaced by Governor Grey in 1841. By 1842 one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned. The city economy was mostly agriculture and mining at this time. By the time Grey left in 1845 A.D., the city economy had grown and it exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat.

Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established with the Murray River being successfully navigated in 1853 by Francis Cadell, an Adelaide resident. Adelaide saw South Australia become a self-governing colony in 1856. Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.^[4] In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the turbid River Torrens. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration fell. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems with some families leaving for Western Australia. Silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief and Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne.

Only one year of deficit was recorded but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.

Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but, with the return of droughts, entered the depression of the 1930s. It later returning to prosperity under strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949. ^{[citation needed]} World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government. Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of Whyalla.

The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries. International manufacturers like General Motors Holden and Chrysler make use of these factories around Adelaide completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth-century city. A pipeline from Mannum brought River Murray water to Adelaide in 1954 and an international airport opened at West Beach in 1955. An assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 immigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. The Dunstan Government in the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival' - establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts. Adelaide hosted the Australian Grand Prix between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands, before losing it in a controversial move to Melbourne. The 1992 State Bank collapse plunged both Adelaide and South Australia into economic recession. Recent years have seen the Clipsal 500 V8 Supercar race make use of sections of the former Formula One circuit and renewed economic confidence under the Rann Government.

[edit] Geography

Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches from the town of Gawler at its northernmost point to Aldinga in the south. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Adelaide Metropolitan Region has a total land area of 870 km², and is at an average elevation of 50 metres above sea level. Mount Lofty is located east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres. It is the tallest point in the state south of Burra.

Much of Adelaide was bushland mixed with swamps and marshland around the coast before European settlement. Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the Adelaide Parklands, Cleland Conservation Park and Belair National Park. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and Onkaparinga catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply, with Mount Bold Reservoir and Happy Valley Reservoir together supplying around 50% of Adelaide's requirements.

[edit] Climate

Main article: Climate of Adelaide

Adelaide has a Mediterranean climate, where most of the rain falls in the winter months. Of the Australian capital cities, Adelaide is the driest. Rainfall is unreliable throughout summer. In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. Frosts are rare, with the most notable occurrences having occurred in July 1908 and July 1982. There is usually no appreciable snowfall, except at Mount Lofty and some places in the Adelaide Hills.

Climate Table

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperature (°C)	28.8	29.4	26.1	22.4	18.9	16.1	15.3	16.5	18.8	21.5	24.8	26.8	22.1
Mean daily minimum temperature (°C)	16.8	17.2	15.0	12.2	10.1	8.2	7.4	8.2	9.6	11.3	13.8	15.5	12.1
Mean total rainfall (mm)	19.2	13.7	26.2	38.7	62.6	83.1	77.8	68.1	63.6	48.5	29.6	26.8	558.1
Mean number of rain days	4.3	3.4	5.7	7.9	12.3	15.4	16.2	16.4	13.2	10.8	8.1	6.7	120.5
Source: Bureau of Meteorology

[edit] Urban layout

Main article: Light's Vision

Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first surveyor-general of South Australia, Colonel William Light. It is designed using a grid and ring design. ^[5]

The inevitable urban expansion happened. Numerous satellite cities were built in the latter half of the 20th century, notably Salisbury and Elizabeth, which have now been enveloped by its urban sprawl. The booming development in Adelaide's South made the construction of the Southern Expressway a necessity. The O-Bahn Busway is an example of a unique solution to Tea Tree Gully's transport woes in the 1980s.^[6] The development of the nearby suburb of Golden Grove in the late 1980s is possibly an example of well-thought-out urban planning. The newer urban areas as a whole are not as integrated into the urban layout as much as older areas, and therefore place more stress on Adelaide's transportation system - although not on a level comparable with Melbourne or Sydney.

[edit] Governance

Main article: Government of South Australia

The Adelaide metropolitan area is made up of eighteen local government areas, including, at its centre, the City of Adelaide, which administers the CBD, North Adelaide, and the surrounding Adelaide Parklands. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840. From 1919 onwards, the City has had a Lord Mayor, the current being Lord Mayor Michael Harbison.

Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the state Government of South Australia. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the State Government co-operates extensively with the City of Adelaide. The state parliament's Capital City Committee^[7] is involved in the governance and planning of urban development and growth of the City of Adelaide.

[edit] Demographics

As of June 2004, Adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than 1,124,315, making it Australia's fifth largest city. Some 70.3% of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states. Major areas of population growth after 2000 were Mawson Lakes and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 325,000 houses, 57,000 detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,000 flats, apartments and caravans.

Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 24.6% (242,092) of the total population. The North-Eastern Suburbs (such as Golden Grove and Salisbury) and suburbs close to the CBD had a higher ratio of overseas-born residents. Wealthier and more well-educated Adelaideans are concentrated on the coastal suburbs (such as Brighton and Hallett Cove) and South-Eastern suburbs (such as Burnside and Waterfall Gully). Almost a fifth (17.9%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.

Overall, Adelaide is ageing much more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. Just under a quarter (24.1%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 19.9%. In regards to three highest ancestries, 38% of the population identified themselves as English, 34% as Australian (most likely primarily of Anglo-Celtic background) and 8.4% as Irish. The most-spoken languages other than English were: 3.5% Italian, 2.3% Greek, 1.2% Vietnamese, 0.7% Polish and 0.7% German. ^[8]

[edit] Economy

Adelaide's economy is primarily based around manufacturing, defence technology and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries. It has large manufacturing, defence and research zones. They contain car manufacturing plants for General Motors Holden and Mitsubishi, and plants for medical equipment and electronic component production. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia are made in Adelaide.^[9] The global media conglomerate News Corporation was founded in and until 2004 incorporated in Adelaide and is still considered its 'spiritual' home by Rupert Murdoch. Australia's largest oil company, Santos (South Australia Northern Territory Oil Search) and the prominent South Australian brewery, Coopers, call Adelaide their home. The collapse of the State Bank in 1992 resulted in large levels of state debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse had meant that successive governments had enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which had been a setback to the further development of the city and state. The debt has recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating.^[10] The South Australian economy, very closely tied to Adelaide's, still enjoys a trade surplus and has higher per capita growth than Australia as a whole. ^[11]

Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries. 70% of Australian defence companies are located in Adelaide. The principal government military research institution, the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, and other defence technology organisations such as Tenix are located in Salisbury near RAAF Base Edinburgh and others near Technology Park. The Australian Submarine Corporation, based in the industrial suburb of Osborne was charged with constructing Australia's Collins class submarines [12] and recently won a AUD$6 billion contract to construct the Royal Australian Navy's new air-warfare destroyers. ^[12]

There are 466,829 employed people in Adelaide, with 62.3% full-time and 35.1% part-time. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards part-time (which includes casual) employment, increasing from only 11.6% of the workplace in 1991, to over a third today. 15% of workers are employed in manufacturing, 5% in construction, 15% in retail trade, 11% in business services, 7% in education and 12% in health and community services. The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over is $300-$399 per week. The median family income is $800-$999 per week.^[13] Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The unemployment rate in October 2005 was 4.8%. ^[14]

[edit] Education

Main article: Education in South Australia

Adelaide is home to campuses of all three of South Australia's universities. The University of Adelaide is a member of the Group of Eight and was founded in 1874, making it the third-oldest university in Australia. Flinders University, located in Bedford Park is named after British navigator and explorer Matthew Flinders and was founded in 1966. It is a mid-sized institution with a medical school at the adjacent Flinders Medical Centre. Leading US private university Carnegie Mellon is to establish two Adelaide campuses in 2006 offering both Australian and US degrees. The Heinz School will specialise in IT and government management and be based in Victoria Square, while another campus at Light Square will specialise in new media and entertainment . These institutions attract students from across Australia and around the world, earning Adelaide’s international recognition as a ‘City of Education’.

School education in Adelaide is provided by a variety of public and private schools. These schools operate under the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE), with International Baccalaureates (IB) offered at many as well. The Tertiary education system in Adelaide is extensive, with five out of eight centres of TAFE South Australia in the city itself, including the Douglas Mawson institute of Technology. They specialise in non-university higher education offering a viable alternative.

[edit] Culture

Adelaide is sometimes referred to as the "City of Churches." From its earliest, Adelaide attracted immigrants, particularly German migrants escaping religious persecution. They brought with them the vine cuttings that founded the acclaimed wineries of the Barossa Valley. After the Second World War, Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Poles, and others. After the Vietnam War Asian immigration increased. These new arrivals have blended to form a rich and diverse cuisine and vibrant restaurant culture.

Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1970s under the leadership of premier Don Dunstan, removing some of the more puritanical restrictions on cultural activities then prevalent around Australia. The city is home to events such as the Barossa Music Festival, the Adelaide Festival of Arts, Adelaide Film Festival, Adelaide Festival of Ideas, Come Out Youth Arts Festival, and the Fringe Festival, among others. WOMADelaide, Australia's premier world music event, is now annually held in the scenic surrounds of Botanic Park, emphasising Adelaide's dedication to the arts which has prevailed since the days of Don Dunstan.

The annual Royal Adelaide Show, first held in 1840, began as a simple agricultural award show. Over time, it grew into a more general commercial fair held in early September in the inner suburb of Wayville, with carnival rides, food and entertainment surrounding the more traditional agricultural exhibitions and competitions.

The music of Adelaide has produced various musicians who have achieved both national and worldwide fame. Notably the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, the Adelaide Youth Orchestra, The Mark of Cain, The Superjesus, Testeagles, The Angels, Cold Chisel and Eric Bogle. American artist Ben Folds considers Adelaide his second home, epitomised in his song "Adelaide" and resides here with his Adelaide-born wife for a number of months each year. The first Australian Idol winner, Guy Sebastian hails from the Adelaide suburb of Golden Grove. Hardcore metal band I Killed the Prom Queen also emerged from Adelaide and the popular Australian hip-hop outfit Hilltop Hoods come from Blackwood.

[edit] Media

Newspapers in Adelaide are dominated by News Corp tabloid publications. The only South Australian daily newspaper is The Advertiser, published by News six days per week, while the Sunday paper is the Sunday Mail. There are eleven suburban community newspapers published weekly, known collectively as the Messenger Newspapers, also published by a subsidiary of News Corp. A recent addition to the print medium in the city is "The Independent Weekly". Two national daily newspapers are circulated in the city - The Australian (Monday–Friday) and its weekend publication, The Weekend Australian (Saturday), also published by News Corp., and The Australian Financial Review published by Fairfax. The Adelaide Review is a free paper published fortnightly, and other independent magazine-style papers are published.

All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both analogue PAL and widescreen digital services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of Mount Lofty. The two government-funded stations are ABC and SBS. The Seven Network and Network Ten both own their Adelaide stations (SAS-7 and ADS-10 respectively). Adelaide's NWS-9 is affiliated with the Nine Network but is actually owned by [[Southern Cross Broadcasting]]. Adelaide also has a community television station, C31 Adelaide. The Foxtel pay TV service is available as cable television in a few areas, and as satellite television to the entire metropolitan area. It is resold by a number of other brands, mostly telephone companies.

[edit] Sport

Adelaide hosted the Formula 1 Australian Grand Prix from 1985 to 1995 on a street circuit in the city's eastern parklands. Adelaide losing the Grand Prix to Melbourne left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful Clipsal 500 V8 Supercar race event, held on a modified version of the same street circuit.

Adelaide is the home of two Australian Football League teams: the Adelaide Crows and the Port Adelaide Football Club. There is a local Australian rules football league, the SANFL. Adelaide's professional soccer team Adelaide United play in the A-League, at the soccer Hindmarsh Stadium. The Adelaide 36ers and the Adelaide Lightning play in national basketball competitions. The Adelaide Thunderbirds play in the national netball competition, with home games at ETSA Park. Most large sporting events take place at either AAMI Stadium (formerly Football Park) or the historic Adelaide Oval, home of the Southern Redbacks Cricket Team. Adelaide hosts an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of one day international cricket matches.

Adelaide has hosted the annual Tour Down Under bicycle race since 1999. It is also host to the popular Bay to Birdwood run, featuring vintage and veteran cars from around the world.

[edit] Infrastructure

[edit] Health

Adelaide's first hospital was the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH), founded in 1840, it is one of the major hospitals in Adelaide and is a teaching hospital of the University of Adelaide. It has a capacity of 705 beds. Two other RAH campuses specialising in specific patient services located in the suburbs of Adelaide - the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre in Northfield, and the Glenside Campus Mental Health Service. Three other large hospitals in the Adelaide area are are The Women's and Children's Hospital, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, and the the Flinders Medical Centre (500 beds), which is located in Bedford Park. These three hospitals are also associated with medical schools - the Women and Children's and Queen Elizabeth with the University of Adelaide and the Flinders Medical Centre with Flinders University.

[edit] Transport

Main article: Transport in Adelaide

Adelaide is centrally located on the Australian mainland forms a strategic transport hub. The city has a public transport system the Adelaide Metro. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, metropolitan railways, and the historic Adelaide-Glenelg Tram. Historically, Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having being able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, these roads are now inadequate to cope with Adelaide's growing road traffic.^[15]

Adelaide International Airport, located at West Beach, is Australia's newest airport terminal. The new dual international/domestic terminal replaces the old and ageing terminals known locally as the 'tin sheds', and incorporates new state-of-the-art features, such as glass aerobridges and the ability to cater for the new Airbus A380. The airport is designed to handle 27 aircraft simultaneously and is capable of processing 3,000 passengers per hour. Unusually for a major city it is located only about seven kilometres (four miles) from the CBD.

[edit] Utilities

Adelaide's energy requirements are met by a variety of companies. Some of the major companies are: TRUenergy generate electricity; ElectraNET SA transmit electricity from the generators to the distribution network; ETSA Utilities (formerly a government-owned company which was privatised by the Olsen Government in the 1990s) distribute electricity from transmission companies to end users; and AGL who retail gas and electricity.^[16] There has been substantial criticism in recent years of the suburban electricity network due to its inability to cope with high-usage periods.

Adelaide derives most of its electricity from a gas-fired plant operated by TRUenergy at Torrens Island, and also by power stations at Port Augusta, Pelican Point, and connections to the national grid. Gas is mainly supplied from the Moomba Gas Processing Plant in the Cooper Basin, and is piped to Adelaide and other areas within the state.^[17]

Adelaide's water supply is gained from its reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para Reservoir.

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] See also

• People of Adelaide
• List of Adelaide railway stations
• List of Adelaide suburbs
• List of churches in Adelaide
• List of sports clubs in Adelaide

[edit] Further reading

• Kathryn Gargett; Susan Marsden, Adelaide: A Brief History. Adelaide: State History Centre, History Trust of South Australia in association with Adelaide City Council, 1952. ISBN 0-7308-0116-0
• Derek Whitelock et al, Adelaide : a sense of difference. Melbourne: Arcadia, 2000. ISBN 0-87560-657-1

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Adelaide

Coordinates: -34.929° 138.601°

• Maps and aerial photos
  • Street map from Street Directory, MSN Maps and Multimap.
  • Satellite image from Google Maps, WikiMapia and Terraserver.
• Adelaide/draft travel guide from Wikitravel
• City of Adelaide
• SA Central
  • [http://www.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=57&area=2&path=4873,4913,4917&listMode=listLinks City

highlights]

• • [http://www.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=57&area=2&path=4873,4913,4915&listMode=listLinks

Metropolitan highlights]

• Sensational Adelaide

Capital cities of Australia
National & ACT	NSW	NT	Qld	SA	Tas	Vic	WA
Canberra	Sydney	Darwin	Brisbane	Adelaide	Hobart	Melbourne	Perth
Other Australian cities

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