Adémar de Chabannes
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Adémar de Chabannes (989-1034) was an 11th century monk, a historian, who wrote the first annals that had been compiled in Aquitaine since Late Antiquity, as well as a musical composer and a successful literary forger.
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[edit] Life
Adémar was born at Chabannes, a village in today's Haute-Vienne département of France. Educated at the monastery of Saint-Martial at Limoges, he passed his life as a monk, either at this place or at the monastery of Saint-Cybard at Angoulême.
Adémar's life was mainly spent in writing and transcribing chronicles, and his principal work is a history entitled Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum or Historia Francorum. This is in three books and deals with Frankish history from the fabulous reign of Pharamond, king of the Franks, to AD 1028.
The two earlier books are scarcely more than a copy of the Gesta regum Francorum, but the third book, which deals with the period from 814 to 1028, is of considerable historical importance. This is published in the Monumenta Germaniae historica Scriptores. Vol. iv (Hanover and Berlin, 1826-1892). He also wrote Commemoratio abbatum Lemovicensium basilicae S. Martialis apostoli (848-1029) and Epistola ad Jordanum Lemovicensem episcopum et alios de apostolatu S. Martialis, both of which are published by Migne in the Patrologia Latina, tome cxli (Paris, 1844-1855).
He died around 1030, most probably at Jerusalem, where he had gone on a pilgrimage.
[edit] Forgery
He embraced the developing tale that Saint Martial, the 3rd century bishop who Christianized the Limoges district, had actually lived centuries earlier, and was in fact one of the original apostles. And he supplemented the less than scanty documentation for the alleged 'apostolicity' of Martial, first with a forged Life of Martial, as if composed by Martial's successor, Bishop Aurelian. To effect this claim, he composed an "Apostolic Mass" that still exists in Adémar's own hand (Paris Bibliotheque Nationale MS Latin 909), making it the earliest autograph Western musical composition that has survived. The local bishop and abbot seem to have cooperated in the project and the mass was first sung on Sunday, August 3, 1029.
Unfortunately for Adémar, the liturgy was disrupted by a travelling monk, Benedict of Chiusa, who denounced the improved Vita of Martial, as a provincial forgery and the new liturgy as offensive to God. The word spread, and the promising young monk was disgraced. Adémar's reaction was to build forgery upon forgery, inventing a Council of 1031 that confirmed the 'apostolic' status of Martial, even a forged papal letter. The reality of this pathological tissue of forgeries was only unravelled in the 1920s, by a historian, Louis Saltet. Mainstream Catholic historians ignored Saltet's revelations until the 1990s.
In the long run, Adémar was successful. By the late 11th century Martial was indeed venerated in Aquitaine as an apostle, though his legend was doubted elsewhere. In a very direct way, Adémar's Mass shows the power of liturgy to affect worship.
[edit] Works and legacy
Adémar composed his musical Mass and office largely from the standard "Gregorian" music for St. Martial, as well as texts and music for Apostolic feasts, but he also added some of his own compositions, especially in the tropes (extended musical items added to existing liturgical texts). The composition has been recorded by the New York Ensemble for Early Music.
[edit] External link
[edit] References
- Richard Landes, Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History: Ademar of Chabannes, 989-1034 Harvard University Press, 1995
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
