Act of Consolidation, 1854

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Map of Philadelphia County prior to the Act of Consolidation.

The Act of Consolidation, passed on February 2, 1854 in the U.S. city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, consolidated all remaining townships, districts, and boroughs within the County of Philadelphia, dissolving their governmental structures and bringing all municipal authority within the county under the auspices of the Philadelphia government. Additionally, any other unincorporated communities were included in the consolidation. The consolidation was drafted to help combat lawlessness that the many local governments could not handle separately and to bring in much-needed tax revenue for the city.

The passage of the act gave the city and the county the same borders, that is, it made the two entities coterminous. This situation is shared by the city and counties of Denver, Colorado, San Francisco, California, Indianapolis, Indiana, Louisville, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tennessee. Though both city and county co-exist as legal entities, most governing functions are in the hands of the city government. One notable exception is that the county has a sheriff's department, though its duties are limited and subordinate to the Philadelphia Police Department.

1 Background and reasons
2 Consolidation
3 Districts, townships and boroughs consolidated into Philadelphia
4 References
5 External links

[edit] Background and reasons

In early 1854, the city of Philadelphia's boundaries extended east and west between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers and north and south between Vine and South Streets. The rest of Philadelphia County contained thirteen townships, six boroughs and nine districts. Philadelphia's recent influx of immigrants spilled over into the rest of Philadelphia County surging the areas population.^[1] In 1840, Philadelphia's population was 93,665 and the rest of the county was 164,372, by 1850 the populations were 121,376 and 287,385 respectively.^[2]

One of the major reasons put forth for the consolidation of the city was the Philadelphia's lack of ability to govern.^[3] Law enforcement found it difficult to enforce the peace. A person could break the law in Philadelphia and quickly cross the border and escape punishment. Districts outside Philadelphia could not control their criminal elements and at the same time refused to let Philadelphia get involved. An example of how poorly law enforcement agencies worked together was in May, 1844 when an anti-Catholic riot erupted in Kensington. The sheriff was the only police officer available in Kensington at the time and when Philadelphia's militia was called they hesitated because they hadn't been reimbursed for past calls. By the time the militia arrived the riot was out of control. Attempts to improve the issue included an 1845 law that required several of the surrounding districts to maintain adequate law enforcement and an 1850 act which gave Philadelphia law enforcement the authority to police seven surrounding districts.^[1]

The other major reason for consolidation was that Philadelphia's actual population center wasn't in Philadelphia, but north of Vine Street. Between 1844 and 1854 Philadelphia's population grew by 29.5 percent. Places like Spring Garden grew by 111.5 percent and Kensington by 109.5 percent. This population shift was draining the city of much need tax revenue for police and fire departments, water, sewage, and other city improvements.^[4]

[edit] Consolidation

There had been several unsuccessful proposals at consolidation before 1854. The main opposition of consolidation came from the Whig Party. The Whigs usually dominated Philadelphia elections while the outlying districts were dominated by the Democrats and the Whigs feared they would lose power within the city.^[1] With support from all the city's major newspapers, the problems not being consolidated overcame Whig opposition and the issue was brought to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

Eli Kirk Price brought the issue to the Pennsylvania Senate while Matthias W. Baldwin and William C. Patterson brought it to the House of Representatives. A bill was produced on December 20, 1853 and by January 31, 1854 the bill had passed both houses. The bill was then brought to Governor William Bigler, who was in Erie, Pennsylvania. Bigler was awaken out of bed before midnight on February 2 and signed the bill into law. The signing was rushed because several districts were considering assuming new debts for railroad loans and other projects with the expectation that the consolidated city would pay them.^[4]

The Act of Consolidation, along with creating Philadelphia's modern border, gave executive power to a mayor who would be elected every two years. The mayor was given substantial control of the police department and control of municipal administration and executive departments with oversight and control of the budget from the city council.^[3]

On March 11 there was a large celebration for the consolidation. Governor Bigler, members of the legislature, and chief officer's of the state visited the city for the celebration. Events included an excursion on the Delaware River, a ball at the Chinese Museum and a banquet at the Sansom Street Hall the next day.^[4]

[edit] Districts, townships and boroughs consolidated into Philadelphia

The following is a list of municipal authorities which were consolidated into the City of Philadelphia.^[5]

[edit] References

Philadelphia Portal

^ ^a ^b ^c Wainwright, Nicholas, Russell Weigley and Edwin Wolf (1982). Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. W.W. Norton & Company, p. 359. ISBN 0-393-01610-2.
^ Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 349
^ ^a ^b Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 368
^ ^a ^b ^c Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 360
^ Incorporated District, Boroughs, and Townships in the County of Philadelphia, 1854. Philadelphia History. ushistory.org. Retrieved on December 04, 2006.