60th United States Congress
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The Sixtieth United States Congress was a meeting of the United States national legislature, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1907 to March 3, 1909, during the last two years of the second administration of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1900. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
[edit] Dates of Sessions
- First session: December 2, 1907 - May 30, 1908
- Second session: December 7, 1908 - March 3, 1909 — a lame duck session
Previous congress: 59th Congress
Next congress: 61st Congress
[edit] Major events
- Main article: Events of 1905; Events of 1906; Events of 1907
[edit] Major Legislation
- May 30, 1908 - Aldrich-Vreeland Act, ch. 229, 35 Stat. 546
[edit] Leadership
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
[edit] Members
[edit] Senate
- Nelson W. Aldrich, Republican, Rhode Island
- William B. Allison, Republican, Iowa
- Levi Ankeny, Republican, Washington
- Augustus O. Bacon, Democrat, Georgia
- Joseph W. Bailey, Democrat, Texas
- John H. Bankhead, Democrat, Alabama
- Albert J. Beveridge, Republican, Indiana
- William E. Borah, Republican, Idaho
- Jonathan Bourne, Jr., Republican, Oregon
- Frank B. Brandegee, Republican, Connecticut
- Frank O. Briggs, Republican, New Jersey
- Norris Brown, Republican, Nebraska
- William J. Bryan, Democrat, Florida
- Morgan G. Bulkeley, Republican, Connecticut
- Elmer J. Burkett, Republican, Nebraska
- Henry E. Burnham, Republican, New Hampshire
- Julius C. Burrows, Republican, Michigan
- Thomas H. Carter, Republican, Montana
- Moses E. Clapp, Republican, Minnesota
- Clarence D. Clark, Republican, Wyoming
- James P. Clarke, Democrat, Arkansas
- Alexander S. Clay, Democrat, Georgia
- Winthrop M. Crane, Republican, Massachusetts
- Charles A. Culberson, Democrat, Texas
- Shelby M. Cullom, Republican, Illinois
- Albert B. Cummins, Republican, Iowa
- Charles Curtis, Republican, Kansas
- John W. Daniel, Democrat, Virginia
- Jeff Davis, Democrat, Arkansas
- Chauncey M. Depew, Republican, New York
- Charles W. Dick, Republican, Ohio
- William P. Dillingham, Republican, Vermont
- Joseph M. Dixon, Republican, Montana
- Jonathan P. Dolliver, Republican, Iowa
- Henry A. du Pont, Republican, Delaware
- Stephen B. Elkins, Republican, West Virginia
- Frank P. Flint, Republican, California
- Joseph B. Foraker, Republican, Ohio
- Murphy J. Foster, Democrat, Louisiana
- James B. Frazier, Democrat, Tennessee
- William P. Frye, Republican, Maine
- Charles W. Fulton, Republican, Oregon
- Jacob H. Gallinger, Republican, New Hampshire
- Robert J. Gamble, Republican, South Dakota
- Frank B. Gary, Democrat, South Carolina
- Thomas P. Gore, Democrat, OK
- Simon Guggenheim, Republican, CO
- Eugene Hale, Republican, ME
- Henry C. Hansbrough, Republican, ND
- James A. Hemenway, Republican, IN
- Weldon B. Heyburn, Republican, ID
- Albert J. Hopkins, Republican, IL
- Joseph F. Johnston, Democrat, AL
- John Kean, Republican, NJ
- Alfred B. Kittredge, Republican, SD
- Philander C. Knox, Republican, PA
- Robert M. La Follette, Republican, WI
- Asbury C. Latimer, Democrat, South Carolina
- Henry Cabot Lodge, Republican, MA
- Chester I. Long, Republican, KS
- Thomas S. Martin, Democrat, VA
- James B. McCreary, Democrat, KY
- Porter J. McCumber, Republican, ND
- Samuel D. McEnery, Democrat, LA
- Anselm J. McLaurin, Democrat, MS
- William Hall Milton, Democrat, FL
- Hernando D. Money, Democrat, MS
- John Tyler Morgan, Democrat, AL
- Frederick W. Mulkey, Republican, OR
- Knute Nelson, Republican, MN
- Francis G. Newlands, Democrat, Nevada
- George S. Nixon, Republican, Nevada
- Lee S. Overman, Democrat, North Carolina
- Robert L. Owen, Democrat, Oklahoma
- Carroll S. Page, Republican, Vermont
- Thomas H. Paynter, Democrat, Kentucky
- Boies Penrose, Republican, Pennsylvania
- George C. Perkins, Republican, California
- Edmund W. Pettus, Democrat, Alabama
- Samuel H. Piles, Republican, Washington
- Thomas C. Platt, Republican, New York
- Redfield Proctor, Republican, Vermont
- Isidor Rayner, Democrat, Maryland
- Harry A. Richardson, Republican, Delaware
- Nathan B. Scott, Republican, West Virginia
- Furnifold M. Simmons, Democrat, North Carolina
- John Walter Smith, Democrat, Maryland
- William A. Smith, Republican, Michigan
- Reed Smoot, Republican, Utah
- John C. Spooner, Republican, Wisconsin
- Isaac Stephenson, Republican, Wisconsin
- John W. Stewart, Republican, Vermont
- William J. Stone, Democrat, Missouri
- George Sutherland, Republican, Utah
- James P. Taliaferro, Democrat, Florida
- Robert L. Taylor, Democrat, Tennessee
- Henry M. Teller, Democrat, Colorado
- Benjamin R. Tillman, Democrat, South Carolina
- William Warner, Republican, Missouri
- Francis E. Warren, Republican, Wyoming
- George P. Wetmore, Republican, Rhode Island
- William P. Whyte, Democrat, Maryland
[edit] Representatives
- Ernest Francis Acheson (R-PA)
- John Alfred Adair (D-IN)
- William Charles Adamson (D-GA)
- Wyatt Aiken (D-SC)
- De Alva S. Alexander (R-NY)
- Joshua Willis Alexander (D-MO)
- Amos Lawrence Allen (R-ME)
- Butler Ames (R-MA)
- John Emory Andrus (R-NY)
- Timothy Thomas Ansberry (D-OH)
- Daniel Read Anthony (R-KS)
- William Albert Ashbrook (D-OH)
- Henry Towne Bannon (R-OH)
- Andrew Jackson Barchfeld (R-PA)
- Charles Frederick Barclay (R-PA)
- Henry A. Barnhart (D-IN)
- Richard Bartholdt (R-MO)
- Charles Lafayette Bartlett (D-GA)
- George Arthur Bartlett (D-NV)
- Arthur Laban Bates (R-PA)
- Joseph Grant Beale (R-PA)
- James Andrew Beall (D-TX)
- James Adam Bede (R-MN)
- Thomas Montgomery Bell (D-GA)
- William Stiles Bennet (R-NY)
- Joseph Bentley Bennett (R-KY)
- Henry Harrison Bingham (R-PA)
- Benjamin Pixley Birdsall (R-IA)
- Robert William Bonynge (R-CO)
- Charles Ferris Booher (D-MO)
- Henry Sherman Boutell (R-IL)
- Eaton Jackson Bowers (D-MS)
- John Frank Boyd (R-NE)
- Thomas Wilson Bradley (R-NY)
- William Gordon Brantley (D-GA)
- Abraham Lincoln Brick (R-IN)
- Joseph Davis Brodhead (PA)
- Robert Foligny Broussard (D-LA)
- Walter Preston Brownlow (R-TN)
- Charles Napoleon Brumm (R-PA)
- Stephen Brundidge, Jr. (D-AR)
- George Farmer Burgess (D-TX)
- James Francis Burke (R-PA)
- Edwin Chick Burleigh (R-ME)
- Albert Sidney Burleson (D-TX)
- John Lawson Burnett (D-AL)
- Hiram Rodney Burton (R-DE)
- Theodore Elijah Burton (R-OH)
- Thomas Stalker Butler (R-PA)
- Adam Monroe Byrd (D-MS)
- William Musgrave Calder (R-NY)
- William Alexander Calderhead (R-KS)
- Ben Franklin Caldwell (D-IL)
- Philip Pitt Campbell (R-KS)
- Ezekiel Samuel Candler (D-MS)
- Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL)
- Adin Ballou Capron (R-RI)
- Charles Creighton Carlin (D-VA)
- Charles David Carter (D-OK)
- William Joseph Cary (R-WI)
- Henry Burd Cassel (R-PA)
- Henry Stewart Caulfield (R-MO)
- John Crawford Chaney (R-IN)
- Pleasant Thomas Chapman (R-IL)
- Frank Clark (D-FL)
- Champ Clark (D-MO)
- Henry D. Clayton (D-AL)
- William Bourke Cockran (D-NY)
- William Willets Cocks (R-NY)
- Ralph Dayton Cole (R-OH)
- James Perry Conner (R-IA)
- George Washington Cook (R-CO)
- Joel Cook (R-PA)
- Allen Foster Cooper (R-PA)
- Henry Allen Cooper (R-WI)
- Samuel Bronson Cooper (D-TX)
- Harry Marcy Coudrey (R-MO)
- Robert Gordon Cousins (R-IA)
- William Elijah Cox (D-IN)
- William Benjamin Craig (D-AL)
- William Ben Cravens (D-AR)
- William Thomas Crawford (D-NC)
- Edgar Dean Crumpacker (R-IN)
- Frank Dunklee Currier (R-NH)
- Francis Wellington Cushman (R-WA)
- John Dalzell (R-PA)
- Archibald Bard Darragh (R-MI)
- James Sanford Davenport (D-OK)
- Robert Charles Davey (D-LA)
- James Henry Davidson (R-WI)
- Charles Russell Davis (R-MN)
- Beman Gates Dawes (R-OH)
- Albert Foster Dawson (R-IA)
- David Albaugh De Armond (D-MO)
- Edwin Denby (R-MI)
- Matthew Rombach Denver (D-OH)
- Gerrit John Diekema (R-MI)
- Lincoln Dixon (D-IN)
- Albert Douglas (R-OH)
- William Henry Draper (R-NY)
- Michael Edward Driscoll (R-NY)
- Charles Tappan Dunwell (R-NY)
- Cyrus Durey (R-NY)
- John Wilbur Dwight (R-NY)
- Charles Gordon Edwards (D-GA)
- Don Calvin Edwards (R-KY)
- James Edwin Ellerbe (D-SC)
- Edgar Clarence Ellis (R-MO)
- William Russell Ellis (R-OR)
- William Fellows Englebright (R-CA)
- John Jacob Esch (R-WI)
- Albert Estopinal (D-LA)
- George Winthrop Fairchild (R-NY)
- Jacob Sloat Fassett (NY)
- George Kent Favrot (D-LA)
- Scott Ferris (D-OK)
- David Edward Finley (D-SC)
- John Joseph Fitzgerald (D-NY)
- Henry De La Warr Flood (D-VA)
- John Charles Floyd (D-AR)
- Benjamin Kurtz Focht (R-PA)
- Otto Godfrey Foelker (R-NY)
- Joseph Warren Fordney (R-MI)
- Charles Vincent Fornes (D-NY)
- George Edmund Foss (R-IL)
- David Johnson Foster (R-VT)
- John Hopkins Foster (R-IN)
- Martin David Foster (D-IL)
- William Walker Foulkrod (R-PA)
- Charles Newell Fowler (R-NJ)
- Burton Lee French (R-ID)
- Charles Eugene Fuller (R-IL)
- Elmer Lincoln Fulton (D-OK)
- John Wesley Gaines (D-TN)
- Joseph Holt Gaines (R-WV)
- Augustus Peabody Gardner (R-MA)
- John James Gardner (R-NJ)
- Washington Gardner (R-MI)
- John Nance Garner (D-TX)
- Finis James Garrett (D-TN)
- Clarence Chauncey Gilhams (R-IN)
- John Gill, Jr. (D-MD)
- Oscar William Gillespie (D-TX)
- Frederick Huntington Gillett (R-MA)
- Carter Glass (D-VA)
- Hannibal Lafayette Godwin (D-NC)
- Herman Philip Goebel (R-OH)
- Henry Mayer Goldfogle (D-NY)
- George Washington Gordon (D-TN)
- Joseph Aloysius Goulden (D-NY)
- Joseph Verdi Graff (R-IL)
- William Harrison Graham (R-PA)
- Daniel Larned Granger (D-RI)
- William Stedman Greene (R-MA)
- Alexander White Gregg (D-TX)
- James Mathews Griggs (D-GA)
- Asle Jorgenson Gronna (R-ND)
- Frank Edward Guernsey (R-ME)
- Richard Nathaniel Hackett (D-NC)
- Thomas Hackney (D-MO)
- Warren Armstrong Haggott (R-CO)
- Nathan Wesley Hale (R-TN)
- Philo Hall (R-SD)
- James Alphonsus Hamill (D-NJ)
- Daniel Webster Hamilton (D-IA)
- Edward L. Hamilton (R-MI)
- Courtney Walker Hamlin (D-MO)
- Winfield Scott Hammond (D-MN)
- J. Eugene Harding (R-OH)
- Thomas William Hardwick (D-GA)
- Rufus Hardy (D-TX)
- Francis Burton Harrison (D-NY)
- Kittredge Haskins (R-VT)
- Gilbert Nelson Haugen (R-IA)
- Willis Chatman Hawley (R-OR)
- James Hay (D-VA)
- Everis Anson Hayes (R-CA)
- James Thomas Heflin (D-AL)
- Harvey Helm (D-KY)
- Edward Stevens Henry (R-CT)
- Robert Lee Henry (D-TX)
- William Peters Hepburn (R-IA)
- Edwin Werter Higgins (R-CT)
- Ebenezer J. Hill (R-CT)
- Wilson Shedric Hill (D-MS)
- Edmund Howard Hinshaw (R-NE)
- Gilbert Monell Hitchcock (D-NE)
- Richmond Pearson Hobson (D-AL)
- Elias Selah Holliday (R-IN)
- William Cannon Houston (D-TN)
- William Marcellus Howard (D-GA)
- Benjamin Franklin Howell (R-NJ)
- Joseph Howell (R-UT)
- Leonard Paul Howland (R-OH)
- Elbert Hamilton Hubbard (R-IA)
- William Pallister Hubbard (R-WV)
- George Franklin Huff (R-PA)
- James Anthony Hughes (R-WV)
- William Hughes (D-NJ)
- Cordell Hull (D-TN)
- John Albert Hull (R-IA)
- William Ewart Humphrey (R-WA)
- Benjamin Grubb Humphreys (D-MS)
- William Humphreys Jackson (R-MD)
- Addison Davis James (R-KY)
- Ollie Murray James (D-KY)
- John James Jenkins (R-WI)
- Ben Johnson (D-KY)
- Joseph Travis Johnson (D-SC)
- Wesley Livsey Jones (R-WA)
- William Atkinson Jones (D-VA)
- Julius Kahn (R-CA)
- Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
- John Austin Keliher (D-MA)
- Charles Augustus Kennedy (R-IA)
- James Kennedy (R-OH)
- William Preston Kimball (D-KY)
- Moses Pierce Kinkaid (R-NE)
- George Washington Kipp (D-PA)
- Claude Kitchin (D-NC)
- William Walton Kitchin (D-NC)
- Charles Luman Knapp (R-NY)
- Philip Knopf (R-IL)
- Joseph Russell Knowland (R-CA)
- Gustav Küstermann (R-WI)
- Daniel Franklin Lafean (R-PA)
- James Robert Lamar (D-MO)
- William Bailey Lamar (D-FL)
- John Lamb (D-VA)
- Charles Beary Landis (R-IN)
- John Wesley Langley (R-KY)
- Jay Ford Laning (R-OH)
- Francis Rives Lassiter (D-VA)
- Charles Blakeslee Law (R-NY)
- George Pelton Lawrence (R-MA)
- Eugene Walter Leake (D-NJ)
- Gordon Lee (D-GA)
- John Thomas Lenahan (D-PA)
- Asbury Francis Lever (D-SC)
- Elijah Banks Lewis (D-GA)
- George Leavens Lilley (R-CT)
- Charles August Lindbergh (R-MN)
- George Henry Lindsay (D-NY)
- Charles Edgar Littlefield (R-ME)
- Leonidas Felix Livingston (D-GA)
- James Tilghman Lloyd (D-MO)
- Nicholas Longworth (R-OH)
- William Lorimer (R-IL)
- George Alvin Loud (R-MI)
- Henry Clay Loudenslager (R-NJ)
- William Croad Lovering (R-MA)
- Frank Orren Lowden (R-IL)
- Robert Bruce Macon (D-AR)
- Martin Barnaby Madden (R-IL)
- Edmond Haggard Madison (R-KS)
- George Roland Malby (R-NY)
- James Robert Mann (R-IL)
- Thomas Frank Marshall (R-ND)
- Eben Wever Martin (R-SD)
- Harry Lee Maynard (D-VA)
- Samuel Walker McCall (R-MA)
- George Deardorff McCreary (R-PA)
- James Thomas McDermott (D-IL)
- Charles McGavin (R-IL)
- Bird Segle McGuire (R-OK)
- John Geiser McHenry (D-PA)
- Duncan E. McKinlay (R-CA)
- William Brown McKinley (R-IL)
- James McKinney (R-IL)
- James McLachlan (R-CA)
- Frank Alexander McLain (D-MS)
- James Campbell McLaughlin (R-MI)
- Samuel McMillan (R-NY)
- Henry Gordon McMorran (R-MI)
- Adolph Meyer (D-LA)
- James Monroe Miller (R-KS)
- Franklin Wheeler Mondell (R-WY)
- John Austin Moon (D-TN)
- Reuben Osborne Moon (R-PA)
- John Matthew Moore (D-TX)
- Joseph Hampton Moore (R-PA)
- Elmer Addison Morse (R-WI)
- Grant Earl Mouser (R-OH)
- Sydney Emanuel Mudd (R-MD)
- Victor Murdock (R-KS)
- James William Murphy (D-WI)
- James Carson Needham (R-CA)
- John Mandt Nelson (R-WI)
- Thomas David Nicholls (Independent Democrat-PA)
- George William Norris (R-NE)
- Frank Mellen Nye (R-MN)
- Joseph Francis O'Connell (D-MA)
- Jacob Van Olcott (R-NY)
- Marlin Edgar Olmsted (R-PA)
- Jesse Edgar Overstreet (R-IN)
- Lemuel Phillips Padgett (D-TN)
- Robert Newton Page (D-NC)
- Richard Wayne Parker (R-NJ)
- William Henry Parker (SD)
- Herbert Henry Parsons (R-NY)
- James O'hanlon Patterson (D-SC)
- Sereno Elisha Payne (R-NY)
- George Alexander Pearre (R-MD)
- James Breck Perkins (R-NY)
- Andrew James Peters (D-MA)
- Ernest Mark Pollard (R-NE)
- Peter Augustus Porter (Indep R-nNY)
- Edward William Pou (D-NC)
- Llewellyn William Powers (R-ME)
- Le Gage Pratt (D-NJ)
- Charles Nelson Pray (R-MT)
- George Washington Prince (R-IL)
- Arsène Paulin Pujo (D-LA)
- Henry Thomas Rainey (D-IL)
- Choice Boswell Randell (D-TX)
- Joseph Eugene Ransdell (D-LA)
- George Washington Rauch (D-IN)
- William Augustus Reeder (R-KS)
- Charles Chester Reid (D-AR)
- John Edgar Reyburn (R-PA)
- John Merriman Reynolds (R-PA)
- Joseph Lafayette Rhinock (D-KY)
- William Lafayette Richardson (D-AL)
- Daniel Joseph Riordan (D-NY)
- John Franklin Rixey (D-VA)
- Ernest William Roberts (R-MA)
- Joseph Taylor Robinson (D-AR)
- William August Rodenberg (R-IL)
- John Hoover Rothermel (D-PA)
- William Waller Rucker (D-MO)
- Gordon James Russell (D-TX)
- Joseph James Russell (D-MO)
- William Henry Ryan (D-NY)
- Adolph Joachim Sabath (D-IL)
- Edward Watts Saunders (D-VA)
- Charles Frederick Scott (R-KS)
- Dorsey William Shackleford (D-MO)
- Morris William Sheppard (D-TX)
- Joseph Swagar Sherley (D-KY)
- James Schoolcraft Sherman (R-NY)
- Isaac R. Sherwood (D-OH)
- Thetus Willrette Sims (D-TN)
- James Luther Slayden (D-TX)
- Campbell Luther Slemp (R-VA)
- Campbell Bascom Slemp (R-VA)
- John Humphrey Small (D-NC)
- George Washington Smith (R-IL)
- Madison Roswell Smith (D-MO)
- Samuel William Smith (R-MI)
- Sylvester Clark Smith (R-CA)
- Walter Inglewood Smith (R-IA)
- William Robert Smith (D-TX)
- Howard Malcolm Snapp (R-IL)
- George Newell Southwick (R-NY)
- Stephen Milancthon Sparkman (D-FL)
- Nehemiah Day Sperry (R-CT)
- Thomas Day Spight (D-MS)
- William Henry Stafford (R-WI)
- Augustus Owsley Stanley (D-KY)
- Halvor Owsley Steenerson (R-MN)
- John Hall Stephens (D-TX)
- John Allen Sterling (R-IL)
- Frederick Clement Stevens (R-MN)
- George Cookman Sturgiss (R-WV)
- Cyrus Adams Sulloway (R-NH)
- William Adams Sulzer (D-NY)
- John Philip Swasey (R-ME)
- Joshua Frederick Talbott (D-MD)
- James Albertus Tawney (R-MN)
- Edward Livingston Taylor (R-OH)
- George Washington Taylor (D-AL)
- Napoleon Bonaparte Thistlewood (R-IL)
- Charles Randolph Thomas (D-NC)
- William Aubrey Thomas (R-OH)
- Charles Quincy Tirrell (R-MA)
- William Ellsworth Tou Velle (D-OH)
- Charles Elroy Townsend (R-MI)
- Oscar Wilder Underwood (D-AL)
- Andrew John Volstead (R-MN)
- Edward Butterfield Vreeland (R-NY)
- George Ernest Waldo (R-NY)
- Robert Minor Wallace (D-AR)
- Irving Price Wanger (R-PA)
- Charles Grenfill Washburn (R-MA)
- John Thomas Watkins (D-LA)
- James Eli Watson (R-IN)
- Edwin Yates Webb (D-NC)
- John Wingate Weeks (R-MA)
- Capell Lane Weems (R-OH)
- Charles Herman Weisse (D-WI)
- Nelson Platt Wheeler (R-PA)
- Ariosto Appling Wiley (D-AL)
- Oliver Cicero Wiley (D-AL)
- William Forte Willett (D-NY)
- John Sharp Williams (D-MS)
- William Bauchop Wilson (D-PA)
- William Warfield Wilson (R-IL)
- Harry Benjamin Wolf (D-MD)
- Ira Wells Wood (R-NJ)
- Harry Chapman Woodyard (R-WV)
- Horace Olin Young (R-MI)
[edit] Delegates
- Thomas Cale, Independent, Alaska
- Marcus Aurelius Smith, Democrat, Arizona
- Jonah Kunio Kalanianaole, Republican, Hawaii
- William Henry Andrews, Republican, New Mexico
[edit] Resident Commissioners
- Benito Legarda y Tuason, Philippine Islands
- Pablo Ocampo, Philippine Islands
- Tuilo Larrinaga, Unionist, Puerto Rico
[edit] Officers
[edit] Senate
- Secretary of the Senate:
- Charles G. Bennett of New York, elected February 1, 1900.
- Sergeant at Arms of the Senate:
- Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1, 1900.
- Chaplain of the Senate
- The Rev. Edward E. Hale, Unitarian, elected December 14, 1903.
[edit] House of Representatives
- Clerk of the House:
- Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 2, 1907.
- Sergeant at Arms of the House:
- Henry Casson of Wisconsin, elected December 2, 1907.
- Doorkeeper of the House:
- Frank B. Lyon of New York, elected December 2, 1907.
- Postmaster of the House:
- Samuel Langum of New York, elected December 2, 1907.
- Clerk at the Speaker’s Table:
- Asher C. Hinds
- Chaplain of the House
- The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 2, 1907.
[edit] Other
- Architect of the Capitol:
- Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.
[edit] References
- Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. 0-465-02778-4.
- Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 0-06-088434-7.
- U.S. Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
- U.S. House of Representatives (2006). Congressional History. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
- U.S. Senate (2006). Statistics and Lists. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
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