57th United States Congress
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The Fifty-seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the United States national legislature, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1901 to March 3, 1903, during the second administration of U.S. President William McKinley, and the first year of the first administration of his successor, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
[edit] Dates of sessions
- Special session of the Senate: March 4, 1901 – March 9, - 1901.
- First session: December 2, 1901 - July 1, 1902
- Second session: December 1, 1902 - March 3, 1903 — a lame duck session
Previous congress: 56th Congress
Next congress: 58th Congress
[edit] Major events
- Main article: Events of 1905; Events of 1906; Events of 1907
[edit] Major legislation
[edit] Party summary
[edit] Senate
- Democratic: 32
- Republican: 56 (majority)
- Populist: 2
TOTAL members: 90
[edit] House of Representatives
- Democratic: 151
- Republican: 200 (majority)
- Populist: 5
- Silver Republican: 1
TOTAL members: 357
[edit] Leadership
[edit] Senate
- President of the Senate:
- Theodore Roosevelt, Republican of New York, succeeded to the U.S. Presidency, September 14, 1901, vacant thereafter.
- President pro tempore of the Senate:
- William P. Frye, Republican of Maine, elected March 7, 1901.
- Democratic Caucus Chairman:
- Republican Conference Chairman:
[edit] House of Representatives
- Speaker of the House
- David B. Henderson, Republican of Iowa, elected December 2, 1901.
- Democratic Caucus Chairman:
- Republican Conference Chairman:
[edit] Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
- See also: 57th United States Congress - Political Parties
- See also: 57th United States Congress - State Delegations
- See also: United States House election, 1900
[edit] Senate
At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. The Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, precede the names in the list below. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1904; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1906; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1902.
- Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (R-RI)
- Russell Alexander Alger (R-MI)
- J. Frank Allee (R-DE)
- William Vincent Allen (Pop-NE)
- William Boyd Allison (R-IA)
- Augustus Octavius Bacon (D-GA)
- Joseph Weldon Bailey (D-TX)
- Thomas Robert Bard (R-CA)
- William Brimage Bate (D-TN)
- James Henderson Berry (D-AR)
- Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (R-IN)
- Joseph Clay Blackburn (D-KY)
- Henry Eben Burnham (R-NH)
- Julius Caesar Burrows (R-MI)
- Joseph Ralph Burton (R-KS)
- Edward Ward Carmack (D-TN)
- Moses Edwin Clapp (R-MN)
- Clarence Don Clark (R-WY)
- William Andrews Clark (D-MT)
- Alexander Stephens Clay (D-GA)
- Francis Marion Cockrell (D-MO)
- Charles Allen Culberson (D-TX)
- Shelby Moore Cullom (R-IL)
- John Warwick Daniel (D-VA)
- William Joseph Deboe (R-KY)
- Chauncey Mitchell Depew (R-NY)
- Charles Henry Dietrich (R-NE)
- William Paul Dillingham (R-VT)
- Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver (R-IA)
- John Fairfield Dryden (R-NJ)
- Fred Thomas Dubois (R-ID)
- Stephen Benton Elkins (R-WV)
- Charles Warren Fairbanks (R-IN)
- Joseph Benson Foraker (R-OH)
- Addison Gardner Foster (R-WA)
- Murphy James Foster (D-LA)
- William Pierce Frye (R-ME)
- Jacob Harold Gallinger (R-NH)
- Robert Jackson Gamble (R-SD)
- Paris Gibson (D-MT)
- Eugene Pryor Hale (R-ME)
- Marcus Alonzo Hanna (R-OH)
- Henry Clay Hansbrough (R-ND)
- William Alexander Harris (Pop-KS)
- Joseph Roswell Hawley (R-CT)
- Henry Heitfeld (Pop-ID)
- George Frisbie Hoar (R-MA)
- James Kimbrough Jones (D-AR)
- John Percival Jones (R-NV)
- John Kean (R-NJ)
- Thomas Kearns (R-UT)
- Alfred Beard Kittredge (R-SD)
- James Henderson Kyle (Pop-SD)
- Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA)
- Stephen Mallory (D-FL)
- Thomas Staples Martin (D-VA)
- William Ernest Mason (R-IL)
- Louis Emory McComas (R-MD)
- Porter James McCumber (R-ND)
- Samuel Douglas McEnery (D-LA)
- Anselm Joseph McLaurin (D-MS)
- John Lowndes McLaurin (D-SC)
- James McMillan (R-MI)
- Joseph Hopkins Millard (R-NE)
- John Hipple Mitchell (R-OR)
- Hernando De Money (D-MS)
- John Tyler Morgan (D-AL)
- Knute Nelson (R-MN)
- Thomas MacDonald Patterson (D-CO)
- Boies Penrose (R-PA)
- George Clement Perkins (R-CA)
- Edmund Winston Pettus (D-AL)
- Orville Hitchcock Platt (R-CT)
- Thomas Collier Platt (R-NY)
- Jeter Connelly Pritchard (R-NC)
- Redfield Proctor (R-VT)
- Joseph Very Quarles (R-WI)
- Matthew Stanley Quay (R-PA)
- Joseph Lafayette Rawlins (D-UT)
- Nathan Bay Scott (R-WV)
- Furnifold McLendel Simmons (D-NC)
- Joseph Simon (R-OR)
- John Coit Spooner (R-WI)
- William Morris Stewart (R-NV)
- James Piper Taliaferro (D-FL)
- Henry Moore Teller (D-CO)
- Benjamin Ryan Tillman (D-SC)
- George Turner (Silver\R-WA)
- George Graham Vest (D-MO)
- Francis Emroy Warren (R-WY)
- George Louis Wellington (R-MD)
- George Peabody Wetmore (R-RI)
[edit] House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives known to have been elected statewide at-large, are preceded by an "A/L," and the names of those known to have been elected from single member districts, are preceded by their district numbers.
Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.
- Ernest Francis Acheson (R-PA)
- Robert Francis Adams (R-PA)
- William Charles Adamson (D-GA)
- De Alva Alexander (R-NY)
- Amos Lawrence Allen (R-ME)
- Henry Dixon Allen (D-KY)
- Henry Harrison Aplin (R-MI)
- Joseph Weeks Babcock (R-WI)
- L. Heisler Ball (R-DE)
- Thomas Henry Ball (D-TX)
- John Hollis Bankhead (D-AL)
- Samuel Stebbins Barney (R-WI)
- Richard Stebbins Bartholdt (R-MO)
- Charles Lafayette Bartlett (D-GA)
- Arthur Laban Bates (R-PA)
- Jacob Atlee Beidler (R-OH)
- John Calhoun Bell (Pop-CO)
- John Dillard Bellamy (D-NC)
- Oliver Hazard Belmont (D-NY)
- Maecenas Eason Benton (D-MO)
- Alexander Billmeyer (D-PA)
- Henry Harrison Bingham (R-PA)
- Roswell Peter Bishop (R-MI)
- Edmond Spencer Blackburn (R-NC)
- Albert Alexander Blakeney (R-MD)
- Vincent Alexander Boreing (R-KY)
- Henry Sherman Boutell (R-IL)
- Charles Addison Boutelle (R-ME)
- Justin De Bowersock (R-KS)
- Sydney Johnston Bowie (D-AL)
- Frank Bosworth Brandegee (R-CT)
- William Gordon Brantley (D-GA)
- Phanor Gordon Breazeale (D-LA)
- Abraham Lincoln Brick (R-IN)
- Henry Lincoln Bristow (R-NY)
- Jacob Henry Bromwell (R-OH)
- Marriott Henry Brosius (R-PA)...Died in 1901
- Robert Foligny Broussard (D-LA)
- Webster Everett Brown (R-WI)
- Walter Preston Brownlow (R-TN)
- Stephen Preston Brundidge (D-AR)
- Melville Preston Bull (R-RI)
- George Farmer Burgess (D-TX)
- Henry Farmer Burk (R-PA)
- Charles Henry Burke (R-SD)
- Robert Emmet Burke (D-TX)
- Elmer Jacob Burkett (R-NE)
- Edwin Chick Burleigh (R-ME)
- Albert Sidney Burleson (D-TX)
- John Lawson Burnett (D-AL)
- Theodore Elijah Burton (R-OH)
- James Joseph Butler (MO)
- Thomas Stalker Butler (R-PA)
- William Alexander Calderhead (R-KS)
- Ben Franklin Caldwell (D-IL)
- Ezekiel Samuel Candler (D-MS)
- Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL)
- Adin Ballou Capron (R-RI)
- Henry Burd Cassel (R-PA)...Elected after the death of Mariott Brosius
- John Wilson Cassingham (D-OH)
- James Beauchamp Clark (D-MO)
- Henry De Clayton (D-AL)
- Charles Fremont Cochran (D-MO)
- William Connell (R-PA)
- James Perry Conner (R-IA)
- Joseph Aloysius Conry (D-MA)
- Frank Leslie Coombs (R-CA)
- James Leslie Cooney (D-MO)
- Henry Allen Cooper (R-WI)
- Samuel Bronson Cooper (D-TX)
- John Blaisdell Corliss (R-MI)
- Robert Gordon Cousins (R-IA)
- William Strother Cowherd (D-MO)
- Thomas James Creamer (D-NY)
- George Washington Cromer (R-IN)
- Joseph Burns Crowley (D-IL)
- Rousseau Owen Crump (R-MI)
- Edgar Dean Crumpacker (R-IN)
- Amos Jay Cummings (D-NY)
- Frank Dunklee Currier (R-NH)
- Charles Dunklee Curtis (R-KS)
- Francis Wellington Cushman (R-WA)
- Herman Bjorn Dahle (R-WI)
- John Dalzell (R-PA)
- Archibald Bard Darragh (R-MI)
- Robert Charles Davey (D-LA)
- James Henry Davidson (R-WI)
- Robert Wyche Davis (D-FL)
- Alston Gordon Dayton (R-WV)
- David Albaugh De Armond (D-MO)
- Reese Calhoun De Graffenreid (D-TX)
- Elias Deemer (R-PA)
- Charles William Dick (R-OH)
- Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (D-AR)
- John Anderson Dougherty (D-MO)
- William Harris Douglas (R-NY)
- Blackburn Barrett Dovener (R-WV)
- William Henry Draper (R-NY)
- Michael Edward Driscoll (R-NY)
- John Wilbur Dwight (R-NY)
- Frank Marion Eddy (R-MN)
- Caldwell Marion Edwards (Pop-MT)
- William Marion Elliott (D-SC)
- Louis Woodard Emerson (R-NY)
- John Jacob Esch (R-WI)
- Alvin Jacob Evans (R-PA)
- John Joseph Feely (D-IL)
- David Edward Finley (D-SC)
- John Joseph Fitzgerald (D-NY)
- De Witt Flanagan (D-NJ)
- William Henry Fleming (D-GA)
- Loren Henry Fletcher (R-MN)
- Henry De Flood (D-VA)
- Robert H. Foerderer (R-PA)
- Joseph Warren Fordney (R-MI)
- George Edmund Foss (R-IL)
- David Johnson Foster (R-VT)
- George Peter Foster (D-IL)
- Charles Newell Fowler (R-NJ)
- Andrew Fuller Fox (D-MS)
- John Wesley Gaines (D-TN)
- Joseph Holt Gaines (R-WV)
- Augustus Peabody Gardner (R-MA)
- John James Gardner (R-NJ)
- Washington James Gardner (R-MI)
- Henry Richard Gibson (R-TN)
- George Gilmore Gilbert (D-KY)
- Joseph John Gill (R-OH)
- Charles William Gillet (R-NY)
- Frederick Huntington Gillett (R-MA)
- Carter Huntington Glass (D-VA)
- Thomas Louis Glenn (Pop-ID)
- Henry Mayer Goldfogle (D-NY)
- Daniel Linn Gooch (D-KY)
- Robert Bryarly Gordon (D-OH)
- Joseph Verdi Graff (R-IL)
- William Harrison Graham (R-PA)
- Henry Dickinson Green (D-PA)
- William Stedman Greene (R-MA)
- Francis Marion Griffith (D-IN)
- James Mathews Griggs (D-GA)
- Charles Henry Grosvenor (R-OH)
- Galusha Aaron Grow (R-PA)
- James Knox Polk Hall (D-PA)
- Edward La Hamilton (R-MI)
- Harry Alfred Hanbury (R-NY)
- Kittredge Alfred Haskins (R-VT)
- Gilbert Nelson Haugen (R-IA)
- James Nelson Hay (D-VA)
- Joel Prescott Heatwole (R-MN)
- Thomas Prescott Hedge (R-IA)
- Thomas Prescott Hedge (R-IA)
- Edward Stevens Henry (R-CT)
- Patrick Stevens Henry (D-MS)
- Robert Lee Henry (D-TX)
- William Peters Hepburn (R-IA)
- Charles Quinn Hildebrant (R-OH)
- Ebenezer J. Hill (R-CT)
- Robert Roberts Hitt (R-IL)
- Elias Selah Holliday (R-IN)
- Charles Edward Hooker (D-MS)
- Warren Brewster Hooker (R-NY)
- Albert Jarvis Hopkins (R-IL)
- William Marcellus Howard (D-GA)
- Benjamin Franklin Howell (R-NJ)
- James Anthony Hughes (R-WV)
- John Albert Hull (R-IA)
- Harvey Samuel Irwin (R-KY)
- Summers Melville Jack (R-PA)
- Alfred Metcalf Jackson (D-KS)
- William Humphreys Jackson (R-MD)
- John James Jenkins (R-WI)
- Thomas Marion Jett (D-IL)
- Joseph Travis Johnson (D-SC)
- Wesley Livsey Jones (R-WA)
- William Atkinson Jones (D-VA)
- Charles Frederick Joy (R-MO)
- Julius Frederick Kahn (R-CA)
- James Nicholas Kehoe (D-KY)
- Frederick John Kern (D-IL)
- John Henry Ketcham (R-NY)
- Claude Henry Kitchin (D-NC)
- William Walton Kitchin (D-NC)
- Rudolph Walton Kleberg (D-TX)
- Theodore Franklin Kluttz (D-NC)
- Charles Luman Knapp (R-NY)
- William Shadrach Knox (R-MA)
- Thomas Barton Kyle (R-OH)
- John Fletcher Lacey (R-IA)
- John Fletcher Lamb (D-VA)
- Charles Beary Landis (R-IN)
- Samuel Willis Lanham (D-TX)
- Francis Rives Lassiter (D-VA)
- Asbury Churchwell Latimer (D-SC)
- George Pelton Lawrence (R-MA)
- Montague Pelton Lessler (R-NY)
- Rufus Ezekiel Lester (D-GA)
- Elijah Banks Lewis (D-GA)
- Robert Jacob Lewis (R-PA)
- George Henry Lindsay (D-NY)
- Lucius Nathan Littauer (R-NY)
- John Sebastian Little (D-AR)
- Charles Edgar Littlefield (R-ME)
- Leonidas Felix Livingston (D-GA)
- James Tilghman Lloyd (D-MO)
- Chester Isaiah Long (R-KS)
- Eugene Francis Loud (R-CA)
- Henry Clay Loudenslager (R-NJ)
- William Croad Lovering (R-MA)
- John W. Maddox (D-GA)
- Thaddeus Maclay Mahon (R-PA)
- William Frank Mahoney (D-IL)
- James Robert Mann (R-IL)
- Thomas Frank Marshall (R-ND)
- Eben Wever Martin (R-SD)
- Harry Lee Maynard (D-VA)
- James Lee McAndrews (D-IL)
- Samuel Walker McCall (R-MA)
- James Thompson McCleary (R-MN)
- George Brinton McClellan (D-NY)
- Philip Doddridge McCulloch (D-AR)
- Allan Langdon McDermott (D-NJ)
- James Langdon McLachlan (R-CA)
- Frank Alexander McClain (D-MS)
- Thomas Chipman McCrae (D-AR)
- David Henry Mercer (R-NE)
- Victor Howard Metcalf (R-CA)
- Adolph Howard Meyer (D-LA)
- J. Ross Mickey (D-IL)
- Robert Walter Miers (D-IN)
- James Monroe Miller (R-KS)
- Edward Sloman Minor (R-WI)
- Franklin Wheeler Mondell (R-WY)
- James Montraville Moody (R-NC)
- Malcolm Adelbert Moody (R-OR)
- William Henry Moody (R-MA)
- John Austin Moon (D-TN)
- Stephen Austin Morgan (R-OH)
- Edward de Veaux Morrell (R-PA)
- Robert Page Morris (R-MN)
- John McKenzie Moss (R-KY)
- Sydney Emanuel Mudd (R-MD)
- Nicholas Emanuel Muller (D-NY)
- Howard Emanuel Mutchler (D-PA)
- Henry Francis Naphen (D-MA)
- James Carson Needham (R-CA)
- William Carson Neville (Pop-NE)
- Robert M. Nevin (R-OH)
- Francis Griffith Newlands (D-NV)
- James Albert Norton (D-OH)
- Marlin Edgar Olmsted (R-PA)
- Peter Johnston Otey (D-VA)
- Theobald Johnston Otjen (R-WI)
- Jesse Johnston Overstreet (R-IN)
- Lemuel Phillips Padgett (D-TN)
- Henry Wilbur Palmer (R-PA)
- Richard Wayne Parker (R-NJ)
- George Robert Patterson (R-PA)
- Malcolm Rice Patterson (D-TN)
- Sereno Elisha Payne (R-NY)
- George Alexander Pearre (R-MD)
- James Breck Perkins (R-NY)
- Rice Alexander Pierce (D-TN)
- Rufus King Polk (D-PA)
- Edward William Pou (D-NC)
- Llewellyn William Powers (R-ME)
- Samuel Leland Powers (R-MA)
- George Washington Prince (R-IL)
- Cornelius Amory Pugsley (D-NY)
- Choice Boswell Randell (D-TX)
- Joseph Eugene Ransdell (D-LA)
- George Washington Ray (R-NY)
- William Augustus Reeder (R-KS)
- Walter Augustus Reeves (R-IL)
- Charles Chester Reid (D-AR)
- John Stockdale Rhea (D-KY)
- William Francis Rhea (D-VA)
- James Daniel Richardson (D-TN)
- William Daniel Richardson (D-AL)
- John Franklin Rixey (D-VA)
- Edward Franklin Robb (D-MO)
- Ernest William Roberts (R-MA)
- Samuel Matthews Robertson (D-LA)
- James McClellan Robinson (D-IN)
- John Seaton Robinson (D-NE)
- William Waller Rucker (D-MO)
- John Nicholas Rumple (R-IA)
- Jacob Nicholas Ruppert (D-NY)
- Charles Addison Russell (R-CT)
- Gordon James Russell (D-TX)
- William Henry Ryan (D-NY)
- Joshua S. Salmon (D-NJ)
- Robert Bethea Scarborough (D-SC)
- Charles Reginald Schirm (R-MD)
- Charles Frederick Scott (R-KS)
- Thomas Jefferson Selby (D-IL)
- Dorsey William Shackleford (D-MO)
- John Franklin Shafroth (Silver/R-CO)
- Ashton Cokayne Shallenberger (D-NE)
- William Bunn Shattuc (R-OH)
- Albert Duane Shaw (R-NY)
- Carlos Douglas Shelden (R-MI)
- John Levi Sheppard (D-TX)
- James Schoolcraft Sherman (R-NY)
- Joseph Baltzell Showalter (R-PA)
- Joseph Crocker Sibley (R-PA)
- Thetus Willrette Sims (D-TN)
- William Woodburn Skiles (R-OH)
- James Luther Slayden (D-TX)
- John Humphrey Small (D-NC)
- David Highbaugh Smith (D-KY)
- Henry Cassorte Smith (R-MI)
- Samuel William Smith (R-MI)
- Walter Inglewood Smith (R-IA)
- William Alden Smith (R-MI)
- Charles Edward Snodgrass (D-TN)
- John Stout Snook (D-OH)
- James Harding Southard (R-OH)
- George Newell Southwick (R-NY)
- Stephen Milancthon Sparkman (D-FL)
- Nehemiah Day Sperry (R-CT)
- Thomas Day Spight (D-MS)
- William Ledyard Stark (Pop-NE)
- George Washington Steele (R-IN)
- John Hall Stephens (D-TX)
- Frederick Clement Stevens (R-MN)
- James Fleming Stewart (R-NJ)
- John Knox Stewart (R-NY)
- James William Stokes (SC)
- Frederic William Storm (R-NY)
- Cyrus Adams Sulloway (R-NH)
- William Adams Sulzer (D-NY)
- George Adams Sutherland (R-UT)
- Edward Adams Swann (D-NY)
- Claude Augustus Swanson (D-VA)
- William Jasper Talbert (D-SC)
- Farish Carter Tate (D-GA)
- James Albertus Tawney (R-MN)
- Robert Walker Tayler (R-OH)
- George Washington Taylor (D-AL)
- John Randolph Thayer (D-MA)
- Charles Randolph Thomas (D-NC)
- Lot Randolph Thomas (R-IA)
- Charles Winston Thompson (D-AL)
- Charles Quincy Tirrell (R-MA)
- Arthur Sidney Tompkins (R-NY)
- Emmett Sidney Tompkins (R-OH)
- Thomas H. Tongue (R-OR)
- South H. Trimble (D-KY)
- Oscar Wilder Underwood (D-AL)
- Henry Clay Van Voorhis (R-OH)
- Willard Duncan Vandiver (D-MO)
- Edward Butterfield Vreeland (R-NY)
- Frank Charles Wachter (R-MD)
- James Wolcott Wadsworth (R-NY)
- George Chester Wagoner (R-MO)
- Irving Price Wanger (R-PA)
- Vespasian Price Warner (R-IL)
- William Robert Warnock (R-OH)
- James Eli Watson (R-IN)
- Edgar Eli Weeks (R-MI)
- Charles Kennedy Wheeler (D-KY)
- James Bamford White (D-KY)
- Ariosto Appling Wiley (D-AL)
- James Robert Williams (D-IL)
- John Sharp Williams (D-MS)
- Frank Eugene Wilson (D-NY)
- Samuel Davis Woods (R-CA)
- Dudley Goodall Wooten (D-TX)
- Charles Frederick Wright (R-PA)
- James Rankin Young (R-PA)
- William Taylor Zenor (D-IN)
[edit] Delegates
- Dennis Thomas Flynn, Republican, Oklahoma
- Bernard Shandon Rodey, Republican, New Mexico
- Marcus Aurelius Smith, Democrat, Arizona
- Robert William Wilcox, Hawaii
[edit] Resident Commissioner
- Federico Degetau, Republican, Puerto Rico
[edit] Changes in Membership
[edit] Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
[edit] Officers
[edit] Senate
- Secretary of the Senate:
- Charles G. Bennett of New York, elected February 1, 1900.
- Sergeant at Arms of the Senate:
- Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1, 1900.
- Chaplain of the Senate
[edit] House of Representatives
- Clerk of the House:
- Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 2, 1901.
- Sergeant at Arms of the House:
- Henry Casson of Wisconsin, elected December 2, 1901.
- Doorkeeper of the House:
- William J. Glenn of New York, elected December 2, 1901.
- Postmaster of the House:
- Joseph McElroy of Ohio, elected December 2, 1901.
- Clerk at the Speaker’s Table:
- Asher C. Hinds
- Chaplain of the House
- The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 2, 1901.
[edit] Other
- Architect of the Capitol:
- Edward Clark, appointed August 30, 1865, died January 6, 1902.
- Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.
[edit] References
- Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. 0-465-02778-4.
- Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 0-06-088434-7.
- U.S. Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
- U.S. House of Representatives (2006). Congressional History. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
- U.S. Senate (2006). Statistics and Lists. Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
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