't kofschip
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The 't kofschip rule (also called 't fokschaap, soft ketchup or even xtc koffieshop) is a rule that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past simple indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule may not be confused with the so-called T-rules(t-regels).
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[edit] The rule
The rule goes as follows:
- If the verb-root ends in one of the consonants of 't kofschip, being t,f,k,s,c,h,p or x=(ks), then the past simple ends on -te and the past participle on -t, if the verb-root ends on any other consonant or a vowel (except the e, see later), the past simple ends on -de and the past participle on -d.
- For example:
- rusten (to rest): verb root = rust ==> past simple: ik rustte, past participle: gerust
- werken (to work): verb root = werk ==> past simple: ik werkte, past participle: gewerkt
- spelen (to play): verb root = speel ==> past simple: ik speelde, past participle: gespeeld
- leven (to live): verb root = leev ==> past simple: ik leefde, past participle: geleefd
- crashen (to crash): verb root = crash ==> past simple: ik crashte, past participle: gecrasht
- bingoën (to play bingo): verb root = bingo ==> past simple: ik bingode, past participle: gebingood
[edit] Verbs with a root on e
- If the verb root ends on an e, one must check the previous letter and use the t kofschip-rule on this letter, if this letter is still an e, than the past simple ends on -de and the past participle on -d.
- For example
- timen (to time): verb root = time ==> past simple: ik timede, past participle: getimed
- racen (to race): verb root = race ==> past simple: ik racete, past participle: geracet
- deleten (to delete): verb root = delete ==> past simple: ik deletete, past participle: gedeletet
Past tense of the verb
Ex. is = was are = were live = lived look = looked
[edit] Verbs with a root on ' (apostrophe)
- If the verb root ends on an apostrophe, one must check the previous letter and use the t kofschip-rule on this letter.
- For example
- sms'en (to send an sms): verb root = sms' ==> past simple: ik sms'te, past participle: gesms't
- gsm'en (to phone using a mobil phone): verb root = gsm' ==> past simple: ik gsm'de, past participle: gegsm'd
